Music Magazine Stereotypes

Kerrang! magazine is a music magazine that is mainly based on rock music. It is published by Bauer Consumer Media in the United Kingdom. The magazine's name is onomatopoeic and refers to the noise made when playing a power chord on an electrical guitar. The target audience for this magazine would first and foremost be teenagers (mainly those 16+) and also those in their 20’s. Some of its viewers would be approximately in their 30’s (the same age as the people featured in the magazine).Or simply, people who admire rock and loud music as the magazine mostly centres on rock and punk music. You can tell that the target audience is mainly teenagers because the bands featured in this magazine have got principally teenage fans, and also the title itself appeals to teenagers and people in their late 20’s (the design of it is edgy which appeals to them). I have been carrying and investigation based on whether the famed magazine Kerrang conforms to genre conventions. Accor ding to my research, I personally believe that Kerrang does conform to genre conventions.The reason for my theory is pretty clear as nearly all the magazine covers for this magazine simply suggest the fact that it’s a rock magazine, starting from the name of the magazine, to the singers featured in it and finally to the layout of the magazine’s cover. Normally, most magazine, especially rock and punk magazine, try their very best in order to make their covers attractive and appealing. Magazine use well known singers or bands in order for it to be much more noticeable which will attract various kinds of audiences.Furthermore, magazines like to include special offers in their covers, as well as secondary images (apart from the main image) so that it would lure in audience. Normally, if they include secondary images, magazine attempt to put an image of a famous musician that is well liked by the audience (see figure one) so that it would attract people into buying it. Ker rang has used nearly all the conventions in order for them to symbolize the genre they’re representing.The name of the magazine suggests the fact that it’s a rock magazine due to the fact that it’s a sound made my an electrical guitars, and since most rock bands use electrical guitars rather than using an acoustic one or a piano, this verifies the fact that it’s a rock band. Moreover, Kerrang mostly feature well known rock bands such as Metallica, Paramore, Green Day and My Chemical Romance (See figure 2, 3, 4, 5,). Additionally, they normally include so many headlines, secondary pictures and special offers like other magazines such as NME to exert a pull on the audience (See figure 7).This magazine also includes a PLUS! section like NME magazines has, this is done to tempt the readers and to increase the immensity of the advertisements. Kerrang has a lot of similarities with NME regardless of the fact that they both are rock magazines. They both feature a lot of rock band such as My Chemical Romance in addition to the headlines and secondary images. This shows that they both conform to genre conventions. (See figure 4 and 8). They share other similarities such as the fact that they both try to cover up the all cover using additional headline as well as secondary images.Kerrang covers are almost all alike. All of them include a main image in addition to a special offer to increase the sales. Although, some of Kerrang’s covers don’t include secondary images or additional headlines. Some of their covers may be a bit dissimilar to the others as it could either be an exclusive edition or just some other reason. If you take a look at Figure 4 and Figure 9, you could spot the very noticeable difference which is firstly, there is only one image in Figure 9 whilst there are more than one (excluding the main image) in Figure 4.Other differences such as the fact that Figure 9 is a bit less messy than Figure 4 also stand out. Eve n though there are differences between the two, they is still a various amount of similarities between them such as the fact that the name is written in the same font and the same style, in addition to the fact that they both feature special offers as well as main images of famous rock musicians. From the front cover we can only see that their interests are conventional rock groups.Most of the front covers have a header listing some mainstream bands; the main image on most the front cover is of the lead singer of a mainstream rock group, and on the side they list other mainstream rock groups that are going to be in the magazine and also are advertising that they have posters of yet more majority rock groups. If we wanted to find out any more of their interests we would have to look inside the magazine at the table of contents. Furthermore, the font used to write the name of the magazine is filled with cracks and different, which suggests the idea that it’s rock music magazine .In addition to the colours used (black and white, orange and yellow) which are LOUD colours, which represent the magazine as a loud magazine. In conclusion, I think Kerrang magazines are very much similar to other magazine who also feature rock music. Like other magazines, Kerrang includes a main image, additional headlines, and secondary images, buzz words such as ‘FREE! ’ and also special offers. The magazine matches a lot of genre conventions because like other magazines, they try to represent heir genre through their cover and they succeed in a clever way.

How does Wordsworth portray real people in The Lyrical Ballads? Essay

Lyrical Ballads, and in particular the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, is considered a central work of Romantic literary theory. In it, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as the elements of a new type of poetry, one based on the â€Å"real language of men† and the work itself avoids the poetic diction of much eighteenth-century poetry, whose most famous exponent was John Milton in Paradise Lost, which benefitted from drastic overuse of verbose Latinate vocabulary. He felt this wasn’t an accurate reflection of real people, and sought to portray them through using language which they used. In the Preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth famously described poetry as the â€Å"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings from emotions recollected in tranquility†, and wrote to justify – in theoretical terms – his practice of writing a new and â€Å"experimental† poetry, one whose language is â€Å"fitting to metrical arrangement a selection of the real lan guage of men in a state of vivid sensation.† He rejected the Miltonic approach to poetry, and instead favoured much more Anglo-Saxon words, for their gritty implications – appropriate for a publication in which most of the poems are focused around everyday people and situations. Unsurprisingly, these are very pastoral poems, many of which solely include narrative. Although this may seem mundane for such a famous poet, this was Wordsworth’s statement of protest against the style of the time, and his digression instead led to a new style of poetry in which living language is valued highly, as it allows a sense of man speaking to man, and is a more accessible style of poetry than his predecessors’. In Michael, a poem about a father and son who form an eternal bond (Michael, an eighty-year old shepherd, and Luke, his son), Wordsworth portrays the relationship between the two. The first indication we receive of the tight-knit paternal bond is the use of language when describing Michael’s care for Luke. On two occasions, Michael’s affection is emphasised by using particularly matriarchal language: â€Å"[Michael] had done him [Luke] female service† and â€Å"†¦ female hand† . Wordsworth tries to convey the strength of the bond between the two in an ordinary working family; a clear diversion from the traditional poetry of the time. Michael is evidently a plain, hard-working, content and fulfilled man, but the land he has worked and lived on has to be sold on when his brother defaults on a loan that Michael had guaranteed. From line 236 († â€Å"Isabel,† said he, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ), Wordsworth uses dialogue for the first time to instill the sense of a soliloquy in the poem. Michael speaks with a Shakespearean dignity; he is more upset that he is soon to lose his land, and his family will be affected, than that his brother has betrayed him. The nature of the poem itself is something which concentrates itself around the ostensibly ordinary; it is, by definition, a pastoral poem. It describes the life of a shepherd and his family, but even this varies from the traditional meaning of the word, as the country scene is far from idyllic. After hearing that his land will have to be sold, and sending off his son in order to make enough money for the family to still be comfortable, Michael goes about constructing a sheepfold, of which Luke lays the cornerstone. This is, again, a seemingly unimportant detail, especially given the content of contemporary poetry, but in the context of a shepherd’s life, this is more than a mere detail, and within the context of the poem, it is critical. Firstly, it provides us with possibly the best example of typically Wordsworthian language in the whole poem: the building materials are described as a â€Å"Straggling heap of unhewn stones†, a phrase which exemplifies the fricative consonants and drawn-out vowels of inherently Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. The pile of stones is also crucial to the poem as it signifies the transient impermanence and brevity of life, which leads us into thinking of Michael’s life – he has worked for â€Å"70 years† for everything he owns, and it is to be taken from him in a relative instant. The sheepfold itself is never finished, as Michael learns that Luke has become a criminal and must flee â€Å"beyond the seas† – every day for the rest of his life, Michael goes to mourn the ‘death’ of his son at the pile of stones, and, seven years later, he dies. The poem’s obvious purpose is to support his notion that a pastoral life is pure, moral, and happy. Wordsworth believed that living close to nature, living an uncomplicated, spiritual life devoted to honest labor was the ideal. His narrative suggests that if Luke had remained in the natural valley with his parents and continued to live the pastoral life, he would have retained his moral character and would have later saved his parents from years of grief. Although Michael is the prime example of Wordsworth’s portrayal of real people in The Lyrical Ballads, several other poems display his wish to convey the lives of real people through techniques such as language and routine situations.

Relationship between russian and the european union

Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels.Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA). As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis.PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas. The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.Meanwhile, Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 124 – 127) also reported that work on a common space for freedom, security and justice has made a big leap with the end of negotiations on the Visa Facilitation and the Readmission Agreements which were signed during the recent the EU-Russia Summit last May 25 in Sochi, Russia. Ratifications are being done by both the EU and Russia.Working together on fighting terrorism and other forms of transnational illegal activities such as money laundering, drugs and human trafficking will continue as well as on document security through the introduction of biometric features in a range of identification documents.Forsberg (1998, pp. 201-204) illustrated that the comm on space on external security, meanwhile, underlines the shared responsibility of the parties for an international order based on effective multilateralism, their support for the central role of the UN, and for the effectiveness of, in particular, the OSCE and the Council of Europe.Currently, there are ongoing activities to strengthen cooperation in the five priority areas identified in the Road Map which include strengthening dialogue and cooperation on the international scene; fight against terrorism; non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD); crisis management; and civil protection. Under the first priority, particular attention is given to securing stability in the regions adjacent to Russian and EU borders.Standing on the relations with Russia through its involvement in EU Research and Development activities and in particular the Framework Programme for Research and Development. The objective is to capitalise on the strength of the EU and Russian research communiti es and promote joint research activities in areas of common interest. Relationship between russian and the european union Russia stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia with an area of 17,075,200 square kilometres making it the largest country in the world in terms of land mass. This country   shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Since the termination of the USSR in December 1991, Russia has become an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia's worldwide role decreased greatly compared to that of the former Soviet Union.Russia is an essential partner in terms of engaging and building a strategic partnership with.   The 2003 European Security Strategy has rightly placed this country as a key player on geo-political and security issues at global and regional levels. Russia plays an important role in the UN Security Council and has significant influence in the European neighbourhood and in Central Asia. It must likewise be noted that Russia is a major supplier of energy products to the EU.It may be considered to have a small market but Russia is a large market for EU goods and services, with considerable potential for growth. And if that's not good news yet, listen to this: Russia is a key ally in EU efforts in its fight against new threats to security, including terrorism, pollution, crime, illegal migration and trafficking.Russia and the European UnionThe European Union’s primary objective is to enlist Russia to build a genuine strategic partnership, founded on common interests and shared values to which both sides are committed in the relevant international organisations such as the UN, Council of Europe, and OSCE, as well as with each other in the bilateral Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA).As Ivanov mentioned these interests and values involved democracy, the rule of law, human rights and market economy principles (2000, pp. 33).Shishaev says that the EU and Russia are already cooperating on various i ssues which include modernisation of Russia’s economy and its consolidation into the world economy, security and international issues (1999, p. 42).Shishaev further explains that â€Å"EU relations with Russia is guided on a large spectrum of particular EU policies, including external policies like the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and trade policy; the external aspects of general EU policies such as on energy, transport, environment, etc.; the external dimension of freedom/security/justice activities; and the principles retained for development cooperation and assistance† (1999, p. 42).Likhachev reported that the common ground for EU relations with Russia is the PCA which came into force on December 1, 1997 for an initial duration of 10 years. This agreement shall extend beyond 2007 on a yearly basis. PCA sets the main objectives, establishes the institutional framework for bilateral contacts, and calls for activities and dialogue in a number of areas.The conditions of the PCA embrace a wide range of policy areas including political dialogue; trade in goods and services; business and investment; financial and legislative cooperation; science and technology; education and training; energy, nuclear and space cooperation; environment, transport; culture; and cooperation on the prevention of illegal activities. Rules of procedure for the dispute settlement provisions of the PCA were adopted in April 2004 (2000, pp. 20-24).The EU laid down its basic approach to relations with Russia in a â€Å"Common Strategy† in 1999 which was not extended beyond June 2004. An in February 2004, the Commission adopted a Communication which adopted measures to improve the effectiveness of EU-Russia relations, specifically in the wake of increased mutual dependence, the forthcoming enlargement, and the unresolved conflicts in some countries bordering Russia.The current institutional framework for relations with Russia as mentioned   above, is expec ted to change under the provisions of the new agreement with the view to creating a more concise and streamlined approach.During the Summit held in May 2003, the EU and Russia mutually decided to strengthen their cooperation by coming up with so-called four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the PCA. It was agreed to make a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects.Antonenko and Pinnick (2005, pp. 35-37) pointed out the ‘the purpose of the common economic space   is to create an open and integrated market between the EU and Russia which will bring down barriers to trade and investment and promote reforms and competitiveness, based on the principles of non-discrimination, transparency and good governance'.Among the wide range of actions that were perceived are a number of new dialogues. Cooperation is b eing stepped up on regulatory policy, investment issues, competition, financial services, telecommunications, transport, energy, space activities and space launching, etc. Environment, including nuclear safety and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, also figures prominently.

REMAX Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

REMAX - Research Paper Example Their business model was such that the agents were required to devote in the brokerage operations, and in response they would receive a braod range of support services from the firm. This business strategy of Remax worked and currently the company is present in more than 80 nations across the work and ahs over 90,000 agents involved with it (Remax, 2012). Thus, it can be stated that Remax is well managed and can have infinite success in the future. This paper would focus on the management style of Remax in context of four managerial functions, namely, planning, organizing, leadership, and controlling. Remax utilises a â€Å"streamlined mangement system†, as a result of which problems are foreseen and decisions are put into action rapidly, proficiently and successfully to help the company and its agents. The strenghth and stability of Remax’s leadership in conjugation with â€Å"turn-on-a-dime flexibility† assists in guaranteeing that the company will be able to w ithstand any economic condition, as it has been able to in the past forty years (Remax, 2012). Over the period, the company had build up a variety of business development resources and systems, which comprise of, a strong brand name and its awareness worldwide, on demand guidance and training, international lead generation structures, and updated technology. Historical Perspective of Remax The concept of Remax was simple and since the beginning, Dave and Gail Liniger believed that the agents or the brokers were the biggest assets and also the most immediate client for the real estate business. Thus, Remax had always focussed primarily on attracting and retaining quality agents and providing them an extremely professional atmosphere. The vision of Dave Liniger was to build a real estate company that people could approach anywhere across the globe for their real estate needs, recognizing that only experienced and qualified professionals would cater their case. Remax had remained true to its same beliefs over the years and have evolved as the leading real estate network in the world. Remax provides its agents with the power of an internationally renowned brand, quality and professionalism of sales associates, latest service support, and a fortified market share in the real estate industry. Remax believes that the strong point of the company’s system is the superiority and class of its Sales Associates. Hence from the beginning, the company’s focus has been to offer the superior class agents with instruments and services to assist them to succeed. By drawing quality agents and endowing them with training, guidance, support in addition to the liberty to run their businesses according to their choice, the company has evolved as a leading real estate organization in the world (Remax, n.d.). Remax has been successful in developing a fortified global network of sales force that has helped in establishing the Remax brand to billions of buyers and sellers i n the real estate market. Assessment of the Management Style of Remax The planinng of Remax is based on the notion that the success of the company depends on the success of its agents and sales associates. Hence the company attempts to provide a professional environment conductive for learning to its human resources. The Growth Model that has been followed by the Management of Remax is as

Indonesia - Suharto politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Indonesia - Suharto politics - Research Paper Example 3). This started in central Java when he involved himself in many enterprises that were very profitable thus helping in the funding of the poor military forces. This business with Islamic therefore strengthened his relationship with the Muslims thus making it easier for him to from alliances with them. Indonesia is also highly populated by Muslims who were looking for ways of making Indonesia a Muslim republic. Reasons Why Indonesians Mainly Opposed Communists Communism was strongly opposed by Indonesians because a military propaganda convinced international and Indonesian audiences that an abortive coup scheduled for September 30th, 1969 was coup organized by the communists. It was also reported that the murders and atrocities committed against many Indonesians were targeted at Indonesian heroes. The army led a campaign to destroy Indonesian society and communist party. In some parts of the country, the army organized religious, militia and civilian groups where communist vigilantes defeated the army, killing approximately half a million people. Consequently, Indonesian Communist Party was eliminated by political Islam and the military. Key Experiences that Shaped Suharto’s Politics Suharto had served in key military positions during the reign of Sukarno. On February 1966, he was appointed lieutenant General by the president. On the other hand, the March 1966 Supers mar decree transformed most of Sukarno’s power to Suharto giving him permission to do whatever he found necessary in order to restore peace ( Elson, 2001, p. 8). Elson further assesses that he also served in the Indonesian security forces that wee against Japanese here, he rose become the Major General when Indonesia gained independence. This gave him enough experience that shaped his political life. New Order Implemented under Suharto The new order implemented under Suharto was the building of a very powerful institution in the presidency of Indonesia. Therefore, Suharto isolated his rivals from the ruling elite and army and rewarded his loyalties with patronage. The new order aimed at achieving economic development, political order, and ending mass participation in political processes. The new order was featured in a weak society, corporatization and bureaucratization of societal and political organizations, with effective and selective opponents’ repression. Suharto’s order ensured a government that was authoritarian and military dominated. The order established two intelligence agencies; State Intelligence Coordination Agency and Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order for maintenance of domestic order. Position of Islamist Parties Muslim parties’ position was justice, democracy and gender equality. They encouraged female activists. These parties were more democratic and moderate than the other political parties. They radically criticized the position of Americans towards Muslims through peaceful demonstrations. The y also sought to recover the Muslim identity both in the social and political arenas. State of Economy Inherited by Suharto and his Key Reforms Suharto inherited a nearly-collapsed economy from Surkano due to social breakdown and political conflicts during Surkano’s reign (Miller, 2008, p. 5). However, Suharto revived the economy by controlling the 1965-68 hyper-inflation. Miller (2008,

Residential social care work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Residential social care work - Essay Example â€Å"The aim of social work is to enhance citizens’ ability to take care of themselves and to promote their participation in the social process. This can vary from helping one client to get a secure income, or organizing material security to providing information and organizing a social network. It can also mean that the social worker, reviewing her clients’ affairs, comes to the conclusion that there is something structurally amiss at the workplace and that something must fundamentally change in the company’s organization if systematic absenteeism is to be further prevented. The aim is always to help clients to help themselves, to develop new prospects for the future or to simply accept a reality that is difficult to alter.† (p. 141) In order for a social worker to be successful in her career, her broad knowledge of various organizational and networking systems that provide support and services to their clients must be matched with her own vast understanding of how a person’s mind and emotions operate especially in times of crisis. Most of the time, counseling sessions are conducted with her client, or members of her client’s family. Here, the social worker’s communication skills are put to the test. â€Å"In conversations with the professional, clients speak out about their pains and sorrows, and about their hope and beliefs.† (Van Nijnatten, 2006, p.133) It becomes an avenue where both the social worker and the client brainstorm on ways to express these emotions so they construct new meanings and new perspectives. Coming from an objective frame of mind, the social worker helps the client distance himself to the concern at hand and explains that such overwhelming emotions that the cl ient is undergoing are normal and can cite cases of others who have survived through the same. Then ways to resolve the problem are discussed. With children, social workers take on a more critical role, as they adjust

APU fuel saving VS cost of availability of ground carts for cooling Essay

APU fuel saving VS cost of availability of ground carts for cooling and electricity - Essay Example Nevertheless, the APU requires a typical maintenance plan that costs approximately $50 per hour (John, 2015; 210). Considering an aircraft that flies 400 hours in a year, the cost of APU fuel would be $80, 000/year. The cost of maintenance would be $20,000. Therefore, the total annual cost of using the APU power generator would $100, 000. However, the cost might vary depending on changes on fuel price and also labor charges (Thom, 2014; 120). According to Green (2015; 216), there are other expenses that are associated with the use of APU power generators. They have to undergo through a process of approval by the FAA and other governing bodies. This process is very expensive and adds cost to the specified operational costs. Therefore, it is evident that the cost of using APUs is higher than $100, 000 during the first year of use. These expenses are made high due to factors such as high expense of the JET-A fuel that is used by the APUs (Williams, 2015; 514). On the other hand, the cost of using Ground carts is generally lower compared to that of APUs. The cost of using Ground Power Units varies according to the size of aircraft being serviced and also the overall services required (McCartney, 2014; 22). The initial cost of a Ground cart ranges between $12,000 and $18,000. However, charges for 400 Hz electricity and pre-conditioned air are administered on hourly rates, and they depend on the group of the aircraft (Middel, 2015; 418). Most airports classify aircrafts as; size A, size B and size C. For the size A aircrafts, the charges for 400 Hz electricity and pre-conditioned air are $38 per hour and $80 per hour respectively. The charges for size B aircrafts are $66 per hour and $139 per hour for 400 Hz electricity and pre-conditioned air respectively. On the other hand, size C aircrafts are charged $93 per hour and $200 per hour for Hz electricity and pre-conditioned air respectively (Nielsen, 2013; 244). Therefore, considering

Marketing Strategy Based on the Apex City of London Hotel Essay

Marketing Strategy Based on the Apex City of London Hotel - Essay Example Apex should also choose between business and tourist traffic in order to build a competitive edge. The prime location will not yield adequate returns with only a 4-star rating, and the management should plan for an upgrade. London is a major financial, tourist, and historical center. The 2012 Olympic Games and its aftermath will open additional market segments. The city also has a very large number of established and competitive lodging and boarding facilities. Hence, the long term prospects of a new hotel such as Apex cannot succeed without creative and systematic segmentation and accurate targeting as well (Payne, 2002). Apex targets both affluent tourist traffic, as well as middle-level business executives. This is apparent from how the rooms have been appointed, the location chosen, and the conference facilities (Welcome, 2007). This kind of blend is a copy of tactics followed in the past by competing 4-star facilities, but it is not an optimal strategy for Apex to follow. The hotel should either focus on tourist traffic, or specialize as a convention center. It will weaken its branding by trying to do both things (Nijssen and Frambach, 2000). It is true that London has potential revenues from both segments, but since Apex is a late entrant in a mature market, it would do better to specialize in any one of the two segments which it has served during its first year. Generic Strategy Apex could have focused on becoming a luxury hotel for top executives and for celebrity visitors to the city. The prime location chosen makes it suitable for such use. This find of focus generic strategy would have offered the management superior returns on investment (Porter, 1991). However, the hotel has chosen to compete on price. The discounts promotions, deals, and special offers, which Apex offers makes it a place of choice in the prime locality where it is situated. This generic strategy may be difficult to sustain in the long run, and it is probably not required given the enormous traffic through London. The hotel has probably lost significant cash flows through its deep discounts. The forthcoming London Olympics will impact this low-price strategy, as the hotel has established a reputation for discounts in travel circles, which it may not be able to withdraw during peak tourist arrivals (Barger & Kirby, 1995). Overall, the company has not tried to maximize returns on its ne w investment, and has probably

Quality in Customer Focussed Operations 232 Essay

Quality in Customer Focussed Operations 232 - Essay Example t of the company is international and local visitor, families and individual, who are looking for the high quality prepared meal as well as are health conscious, prefer to eat food with organic ingredient. The choice of the company has been made on the basis of its attraction and reputation to the domestic as well as global customers. The order qualifiers for the company are availability of the products, in store service and brand image. On the other hand, order winners for the company are their pricing strategy. Sunrise has devised its product strategy according by strongly emphasizing on the needs of their customers. The company thus offers wide range of finest product to cater to its diversified customer base. Ahire and OShaughnessy (2008) opined that, business organizer creates organizational value by supplying good quality product and services according to the demand of their customers. The inflexible nature of demand and supply often leads to customer’s dissatisfaction and wastage of resources. The operational process is a technique that limits both incidence and consequence of demand-supply mismatch. Operational management process includes arrangement of resources in order to create appropriate mixture of inputs, which in turn, transforms into output within any operation. Thus, firms like Sunrise Food PLC needs to implement this technique to have better matches between demand and supply and thereby, enjoy a significant competitive advantage. The idea of operational process can be used through input-transformation-output model to analyse the core strategies at all three business level (Brauchle and Evans, 2008). These include the level of supply chain, level of operation and the level of process. It is basically a set of process in which business add value to the undergone inputs via transformational process, and sell the final product to the customers. The supply chain management focus on combined impact from all aspects in product or services, from

Social networks Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social networks - Research Proposal Example By examining this, there is the ability to draw conclusions about mass media and how it can use communication effectively with social media for stronger influences. Literature Review The social networks that have emerged in the last two decades are continuing to influence the behaviors and trends of those interested in the networking. This literature review will examine the main ideologies of social networks and how they are emerging into new forms of connecting with others. Specifically, there will be an understanding of how social networks have changed, what has developed and how this is influencing mass media and communication. There will be an examination of what the current trends are with social networks and what is expected in the future, specifically with a focus on what this means for new media. By examining these components, there is the ability to create a deeper understanding of the structure of networks and how these are influencing the current conditions of individuals online. Background of Social Networks The concept of social networks began to emerge in the 1990s and since this time has moved into a rapid spread of growth. The concept is one which emerged with the development of Web 2.0, which was inclusive of the second generation of the Internet. The objectives with Web 2.0 were based on developing interactive platforms for information and networking among individuals and groups. The social networks are inclusive of five eras that have developed with platforms that demand different forms of interaction. The first is social relationships, which includes information, discussions and media available on the Internet. This is followed by social functionality, which includes platforms for friending and communication that is developed. The third is social colonization, which began in 2009. This concept is based on individuals that are able to receive social connections that override the traditional websites and forms of communication. The era of soci al context and social commerce has followed, which is allowing the social applications to alter according to likes and experiences as well as with corporations driving the main components. Each of these eras can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1: Eras of Social Networking (Owyang, 2009: p 2). Values of Social Networking The eras that have been developed through social networks are furthered with trends and expectations that are a part of the emergence of this new form of working with others. The main focus with social networks is to create a definition of social capital. This means that the networks are defined specifically by the value of networking with others socially and how this leads to relationships with others. For businesses, media and other institutions, the social capital is becoming a way of adding value and recognition to various needs. Specialist audiences, target groups and other forms of social media are continuing to emerge into new forms of behaviors and expectations w ith connecting on the Internet, while new value is being maintained in terms of communication, dialogue and interactions with others that are using online portals to connect to others socially (Woolcock, 2008: p. 469). The social capital that has

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Tamil Nadu is regarded to be one of India’s star performers in the sector of elementary education. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in terms of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of education in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the duty of the government to provide the necessary infrastructure (schools and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary education. Parents are also liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to school, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as most of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary education sector. The large number of missionary and private schools are also playing a role in the spread of education. The government provides textbooks, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much higher than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of 300 and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has actually spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre under the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts. Tamil Nadu students stood first in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement survey of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to light that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the quality and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level. While the general literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and area of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently lower in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the case of the STs and SCs. It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education system—such as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of instruction and so on—that the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007. This committee had the mandate to work out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to make recommendations for improving its quality. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boards—Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitable school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a Common School or Neighbourhood School system, which with uniform syllabi would help to ‘decommercialise’ educational institutions and put an end to many a private management that does not feel sufficiently accountable to society in this crucial sector. The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would make equal education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also means a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 1:30 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of rote learning. It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would equip the students to learn by themselves; a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere reproduction of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional knowledge should be incorporated and made part of school education. Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, conduct and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their child’s progress. Regular consultation with parents about their wards’ progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a student’s development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to decide the person’s admission into an institute of higher learning then all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high. Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the student’s actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, while all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and English so that these languages can be used for communication. No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individual capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a deciding factor in a person’s life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are being sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law. Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing modern European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is seen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to aided or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in today’s world. It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. Conclusion Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation.

Local Authority Housing in Ireland Essay Example for Free

Local Authority Housing in Ireland Essay Local authority housing plays a vital role in Ireland housing system. Without it many people would find themselves on the streets without a roof over their heads. However it is not a solution to all problems we are experiencing in this country today. In fact while local authority housing solves many problems it can also be the cause of some problems too. In this paper I will look at and evaluate the strengths and the weaknesses of local authority housing in Ireland today. I will also look at prime examples of these strengths and weaknesses, using a number of local authority housing estates throughout the country. Firstly I feel it is imperative to briefly describe the housing system Ireland as a whole, in order to gain a clearer perspective on the status of local authority housing in the country. In Ireland we have a dual housing system. This means we have a mix of both private and social housing and public tenures. State owned and social housing accounts for 19% of the housing market. The government enforced policies to ensure that a percentage of newly constructed houses were to be kept and dedicated to the local authority housing scheme. Local authority housing caters for poor and low income households, who may otherwise not be able to afford housing. It is accessed by means testing and also by special needs qualification. The rent for these houses are determined by the income of the household occupying them. The landlords are generally the local authorities. Some examples of well known local authority housing estates are: Moyross estate in Limerick City, Fatima Mansions in Dublin and Knocknaheeny in Cork. Unfortunately over the years these local authority housing estates have built up a bad reputation, negative images and negative stigmas. A few different factors play a role in this. I will be looking into these factors in more detail, as I speak later, about the weaknesses of local authority housing. An example of this would be the former Ballymun high rise flats which were renowned for appearing on the news linked with stories of crime and violence. In order to combat this problem and create less of a bad image for these problem estates, the government set out a ten year plan to regenerate 7 local authority housing estates throughout Ireland. They aimed to do this by means of policy changes and state funding. These estates are : â€Å"Fatima Mansions and Finglas South in Dublin City, Fettercairn, Tallaght, in South County Dublin; Deanrock estate in Togher, Cork City; Moyross in Limerick City, Muirhevnamor in Dundalk and Cranmore in Sligo town.† (Norris, M and OConnell, C. 201 0) Strengths of local authority housing: Local authority housing provides affordable homes for those who would not otherwise be able to afford housing and this is a much needed and great service provided by our local authorities here in Ireland. Local authority housing has a number of benefits to both its tenants and to the community as a whole. It has many strengths. Good quality houses: As stated above the government as part of the local authority housing scheme set out a number of newly built houses during the construction boom, and dedicated them to the local authority housing scheme. This was a very clever tactic by the government as it meant that these local authority houses were newly built good quality housing, moving away from the previous opinion that local authority houses were often undesirable and of poor quality. The most typical form of these houses were â€Å"cottage type or terrace housing in low density estates† (Fahey 1999. Pg. 236) Cheaper, affordable rent: Because local authority housing is accessed via means testing and rent payment is determined by household income it means that lower income households can afford to live more comfortably and ensures that they have a roof over their heads. Without this scheme homelessness rates would undoubtedly be a lot higher in Ireland. More owner occupation: A lot of people renting local authority housing as a long term arrangement often eventually come to own their houses. This instills a level of independence which they could never have achieved otherwise. Happier tenants: For the most part, people in local authority housing have reported that they are â€Å"happy with their overall housing experience† (Fahey 1999. Pg. 236) Community Development Programmes: Often in areas of local authority housing local authorities dedicate themselves to the provision of facilities and programmes to improve living conditions, social condition, education and employment conditions for those living there. Community employment schemes are just one example of this. This is a great benefit to both the residents and the community as a whole as it leads to a higher standard of living for the individuals and also helps reduce rates of unemployment in the area, which in turn leads to a reduction in other social problems in the area such as crime. (Fahey, T., Norris, M., McCafferty, D. Humphreys, E. 2011 Pg. 24) Preventative Interventions: Local authority housing can also act as a means of protection and prevention for many people. Local services provided within these local authority estates provide â€Å"support for families and individuals who would otherwise have negative outcomes†(Fahey, T., Norris, M., McCafferty, D. Humphreys, E. 2011 Pg. 24) Previously at risk people have more chance of being safe from abuse and crime etc. in these local authority housing estates. An example of the strengths within a local housing estate: Dean Rock estate, situated in Togher in Cork city, is a prime example of the many strengths of local housing estates in Ireland. This estate is in high demand with a very low turnover, long waiting lists to get in and very settled conditions. Dean Rock is now home to a voluntary, community based family support centre and also to social workers too. The estate has flourished over the years and is now a highly popular local authority housing estate with low levels of crime, delinquency, unemployment and enjoys a high status in terms of its visual appearance, absence of litter and graffiti and upholds high levels of planting and public green areas. It has become a very desirable place to live with good quality neighbors, ridding it of any stigmas which had previously applied to local authority housing estates. (Fahey, T. 1999. Pg. 238-239) Weaknesses of local authority housing estates: The fundamental aim of local authority housing that is, to help those who cannot otherwise afford housing, means that local authority housing should be a very positive and problem free area. Unfortunately this is not always the case. Because these estates are linked with poor and low income families it often means there are high levels of unemployment, low levels of education and thus resulting in high levels of delinquency and crime. (Fahey, T. 1999. Pg. 238) These factors all cause great social problems within these estates. Also high levels of diversity within the estates lead to a hierarchy within them. Higher and lower status areas emerge within the estates, causing a lack of social cohesion. â€Å"Appearances of houses, presence/ absence of litter and graffiti, and vandalism†(Fahey, T. 1999. Pg. 239) can often result in conflict between neighbors and thus lead to poor quality neighborhoods. Failure of the government to integrate with local authorities to improve provide vital amenities and service to the local authority housing estates also creates a huge problem in these estates. It creates a great level of social exclusion between those living in these estates and those that dont. (Fahey, T., Norris, M., McCafferty, D. Humphreys, E. 2011 Pg. 31) An example of the weaknesses within a local housing estate: Fatima Mansions is a local authority housing estate in Dublin. Unlike Dean Rock estate in Cork, Fatima Mansions has been described as â€Å"troubled and difficult to let†(Fahey, T. 1999. Pg. 238) Over 15% of the premises are vacant and some are derelict. There is no waiting list to get in to this estate. There is a severe lack of social cohesion and this causes other social problems. Heroin usage is high in the area and this has knock on effects to the levels of crime and violence in the area two. It is in stark contrast to Dean Rock estate and highlights the diversity between local authority estates. Conclusion: While it is evident, from the information in this paper, that local authority housing has huge and undeniable benefits to the lower income population of society I think that many improvements can still be made to these schemes. I feel the government needs to take more responsibility perhaps in funding local authorities and enabling them to better facilities and services available to these estates. This would bring about a major difference in the areas for the better and hopefully result in all the local authority estates being as successful as Dean Rock estate in Cork. Bibliography: Cowan, D. and McDermont, M. (2006) Regulating Social Housing: Governing Decline, Routledge, London. Fahey, T. (1999) (ed.) Social Housing in Ireland: A study of success, failures and lessons learned. Oak Tree Press, Dublin. Fahey, T., Norris, M., McCafferty, D. Humphreys, E. (2011) Combating Social Disadvantage in Social Housing Estates: The policy implications of a ten-year follow-up study. Combat Poverty Agency. National Economic and Social Forum (1999), Local Development Issues, Dublin: National Economic and Social Forum. Norris, M and OConnell, C (2002), ‘Local Authority Housing Management Reform in the Republic of Ireland: progress to date impediments to further progress’, European Journal of Housing Policy. Norris, M and OConnell, C (2010) Social Housing Management, Governance and Delivery in Ireland: Ten Years of Reform on Seven Estates. O’Connell, C and Fahey, T. (1999), ‘Local Authority Housing in Ireland’, Fahey, T. (eds.), Social Housing in Ireland: A study of success, failure and lessons learned, Oak Tree Press, Dublin.

The Life of William Carey

The Life of William Carey Introduction – brief life history This essay aims to explore and discuss the life of the renowned theologian and religious missionary William Carey. Carey is one of the most important missionary figures of the 18th and 19th century thanks to his work in areas such as India. The aim of the essay it briefly outline Carey’s life, and to look at the theological marks he made. There will be an emphasis on the gifts and fruit of the Holy Spirit that Carey received in his life, as well as the positive and negative lessons he learned throughout his mission. This will be concluded by looking at how these factors can influence our life and ministry today. Firstly, there will be a brief outline of Carey’s life. Carey was born in 1761 in Paulersbury, Northamptonshire on the 7th of August. This boy grey up to be known as the father of modern missions, and devoted his entire life to the service of God.[1] During this early life Carey earned a living as a cobbler, but was eventually converted at the age of 18 due to his love of the New Testament. Carey was eventually ordained in 1787 and was renowned for his linguistic talents – he was able to speak French, Hebrew, Italian and Dutch. Soon Carey realized his desire to become a missionary and teach the gospel to the ‘heathen’ in other countries. With his wife Dorothy Plackett whom he married in 1781 and his four children, Carey set sail for India in 1793. Carey’s early years in India were extremely tough, particularly after he was left by his associate John Thomas. Carey was in a society and culture he didn’t know, moving about from place to place. His family became ill and eventually one of his children died. Despite this, his aim in India was to preach his ‘Deathless Sermon’ as outlined in his 1792 book ‘The Enquiry’. Although times continued to be extremely hard for Carey in this harsh environment, he achieved much during his forty years in India. He is praised for his translations of the Bible and other scriptures into languages such as Bengali and Sanskrit, amongst forty other languages. His translations have helped Christianity to spread into far-reaching areas across the world.[2] Carey’s missionary work was based on his book ‘The Enquiry’, but also left a lasting impression the form of the gifts and fruits of the Holy Spirit, as well as the lessons he learned in his forty years in India. The rest of this essay will look at these issues, to help try and understand what Carey’s work has brought to Christian life and ministry in the modern world. Gifts of the Holy Spirit in his life As Carey himself pointed out, the gifts of the Holy Spirit given to a person must not be used to ‘magnify’ the one you has them, but to glorify Jesus and put forth his message within the world. As supposed ‘gifts’ from the Holy Spirit, William Carey was blessed with an astounding aptitude for languages. This was his primary gift of the Holy Spirit that allowed him to fulfill his calling as a missionary.[3] This gift is often known as the ‘gift of tongues’, and allowed Carey to translate the Bible into a huge variety of languages, reaching an audience that had never previously had the opportunity to fully understand the Bible. [4] It was in 1799 that this gift came to the fore, when Carey was invited to locate to a Danish settlement near Calcutta. He was legally allowed to preach here and in the British-controlled areas of India, making his work legal for the first time. It was during this time that Carey converted his first Indians, baptizing Krishna Pal in 1800, as well as publishing his Bengali New Testament. Not only did this signify the beginning of the massive translation of the Bible into many languages, but also laid the basis for the Bengali language which had previously been seen as somewhat of an unsettled language. Another of his gifts was the ability to preach the mission within India, and therefore bring about social reform, which will be mentioned more in the fruits of the Holy Spirit section. Carey’s gift of preaching came from his book ‘The Enquiry’, which allowed him to bring sinners towards Christ and identify with non-believers so that they may be converted to the mission.[5] Although much of this language used such as ‘heathens’ may seem politically incorrect now, during these times Carey was helping to change and expand the Christian world like almost no-one else had for hundreds of years. Carey was obsessed with reaching out to those who seemed unreachable, and his sermons reflected this. His book is a hugely valuable tool and is still used by many missionaries today to guide their work in foreign lands. His ability to support himself through the toughest of times and to contextualize himself to alien situations meant that Carey was able to spread the word of God everywhere to all people, using his gift of tongues to further understanding.[6] Carey was also adamant that training locals to help teach the Gospel and setting up schools was vital to help educate and promote his missionary work throughout India and other lands. Once the locals could teach other locals and all could read for themselves, the task of conversion and salvation would be made all the more easy. These are the gifts that Carey used to become a renowned missionary. The next section will look at how these gifts produced the fruits of the Holy Spirit that would carry his work forward. Fruit of the Holy Spirit in his life Carey’s gifts of the Holy Spirit brought about fruitful results, often referred to as the ‘Fruits of the Holy Spirit’. Of course, one of the greatest fruits of Carey’s gifts is the creation of his book ‘The Enquiry’. Also, his translation of the Bible into over forty languages is one of the greatest triumphs and achievements of any missionary throughout Christian history. It is only through his passion for theology and his gift of tongues that Carey was able to complete this. However, the fruits of the Holy Spirit in Carey’s life went beyond the published works he created and translation to move towards social reform within India. He could not have achieved such rates of conversion hundreds of millions in India – unless he had put in place a social and educational network to be able to sustain and support the conversion. His plans were extremely well thought out, and he works on his missiology well before he even came to India. It is this planned infrastructure that was one of the biggest successes of his missionary work. Not only this, but Carey, helped to rid India of a number of barbaric practices including child marriage, and re-established order in the country. When he arrived three fifths of India was wild jungle, and massive financial problems. Carey brought good to the misfortunate in India, and struggled against the hatred of women and child marriage. His efforts paid off and the teachings he passed on meant that many of these practices were outlawed over the next 100 years. He helped to prevent human sacrifices and helped many children, orphans and widows to create new and fulfilling lives.[7] Carey’s fruits of the Holy Spirit were also in a literal form, as he had a great interest in botany and plant cultivation. He helped to found the Agri-Horticultural Society of India in the 1820’s, and wrote many of the earliest essays on forest management and plant conservation. Carey also helped to introduce cultivation of coffee and gave prizes for the best cultivators and growers. He introduced European fruits to the region, and created better conditions and methods for growing indigenous fruits. His own garden was renowned for its beauty and quality, and sometimes he even neglected spending time with his children in favour of tending his wonderful garden, such was his passion for the subject.[8] After all these great gifts and the fruits of his labour, William Carey learned much about life, both in a positive and negative sense. The next section will look at the lessons he learned throughout his life. Positive and Negative lessons learned in his life Although Carey was praised for his missionary work, he clearly learned that the price to pay for this was a lack of time and commitment for his wife and children. Many people commented that his children seemed highly neglected, and were wild and undisciplined. His family accompanied him during these harsh times, and this eventually led to the death of his son Peter through ill health. His wife became insane after this and even tried to kill him, and it was somewhat of a relief when she eventually passed.[9] Carey also had great troubles with communication, and despite being poor was seen by the Missionary Society as being money hungry. Therefore, his relations with them diminished. Carey also learnt that not every missionary is a good one, after his abandonment by Thomas. Thomas was a suspect character but Carey had no choice but to trust him. However, he eventually took off with the money given to them for missionary work, leaving Carey in a horrible situation that would take him many years to financially recover from. Despite this, Carey learnt that the best way to live his life and be successful in his mission was to never stop evangelizing. He never lost sight of his target to win souls and convert people, which he did with remarkable success. Also, Carey learned that he must trust in God fully in all situations, and this was evident during the hard times after Thomas’ abandonment and the eventual death of his son and insanity of his wife. Carey trusted in God to see him thro ugh this period, and eventually things did get better for him. The most positive message of Carey’s life is to trust in God and also to continually read the scripture to gain knowledge. Carey always continued to study and learn throughout his life, which helped in his quest to encourage others to do the same. The last section of this essay will examine how his achievements can be used in mission work today. Conclusion Application of his life, gifts and lessons learned to our life and ministry Carey came from an unremarkable and humble background, but he became a remarkable man. His gift of tongues meant that he produced some of the most significant and widespread translations of the Bible ever seen, as well as helping to formalize the language of Bengali in India. This gift combined with his scholarly works and absolute devotion to God meant that he was hugely productive in converting souls and changing attitudes and laws in India during his 40 years there. Carey can be particularly praised for his commitment to literacy and education, which should be at the forefront of any modern mission in the developing world. By creating schools and improving literacy Carey not only provided a better future for many people in India, but he also made it easier to put his message across by allowing people to read his translated Bible works.[10] His other works on cultivation and agriculture are also significant, not to mention the fact he introduced the steam engine to India as well as other new technologies of the time. Carey was all-round innovator who was devoted to his work, which is certainly a lesson that the modern mission should take to heart. As put by J.D. Freeman, the church: †¦Owes more to William Carey and his mission than to any other man or movement since the days of Paul. He gave her a new horizon, kindled within her a new life and soul. Upon the trellis of the Mission Enterprise, the Churchs vine has run over the wall. It has given her a southern exposure, through which she has felt at her heart the thrill of a new vitality, while bearing on her outmost branches a burden of precious fruit for the vintage of the skies.[11] Overall, the main message to take from William Carey’s life is that the modern mission should be prepared for hard times, but should not waver from its mission. The importance of education and understanding the issues within the foreign environment are crucial, as are an unwavering devotion to God and scripture. Whilst not everyone will have the linguistic or scholarly gifts of Carey, devotion and the desire to reach out to the troubled and poor in other countries through education and understanding is crucial to successful Christian missionary work in the modern world. Bibliography Alban, D, Woods, R H and Daigle-Williamson, M (2005) The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age. Mission Studies, 22(1), pp. 85-113. Baxter, J (2003) Gifts of the Spirit, Kregel Publications. Carey, E and Chaplin, J (1837) Memoir of William Carey, D, D.: Late Missionary to Bengal, Professor of Oriental Languages in the College of Fort William, Calcultta, Canfield and Robins, 1837, digitized 11 Jun 2007. Carey, W (2004) An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, Kessinger Publishing. Farwell, M E (1888) The Life of William Carey, Chicago: Womens Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest. Harrison, E M (1954) Giants of the Missionary Trail William Carey: The Cobbler Who Turned Discoverer, Fairfax Baptist Temple. Excerpts available at: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/giants/biocarey2.html McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html Parker, A K (1914) A Conversation That Might Have Occurred between Dr. William Carey and the Rev. Adoniram Judson, Serampore, India, September, 1812. The Biblical World, 43(5), pp. 305-30. Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 Smith, G (1922) The Life of William Carey, London: J.M Dent and Sons. 1 [1] Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 [2] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [3] Baxter, J (2003) Gifts of the Spirit, Kregel Publications, pp. 76-77 [4] Smith, G (1922) The Life of William Carey, London: J.M Dent and Sons, chapter 1. [5] Carey, W (2004) An Enquiry Into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, Kessinger Publishing. [6] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [7] Roques, M (2007) William Carey. Available at: http://www.reformational.org.uk/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=90Itemid=35 [8] Farwell, M E (1888) The Life of William Carey, Chicago: Womens Presbyterian Board of Missions of the Northwest, pp. 58-61. [9] McDannell, K (2007) Faithful Witness: The Life and Mission of William Carey. Available at: http://mcdanell99reviews.blogspot.com/2007/11/faithful-witness-life-and-mission-of.html [10] Alban, D, Woods, R H and Daigle-Williamson, M (2005) The Writings of William Carey: Journalism as Mission in a Modern Age. Mission Studies, 22(1), pp. 108-112 [11] Harrison, E M (1954) Giants of the Missionary Trail William Carey: The Cobbler Who Turned Discoverer, Fairfax Baptist Temple. Excerpts available at: http://www.wholesomewords.org/missions/giants/biocarey2.html

The Flu :: Influenza Virus

THE FLU The Flu is the common name influenza which is a virus that attacks the respiratory system. The flu virus releases its genetic information into the cells nucleus to replicate itself. When the cell dies, those copies are released and they affect other cells throughout the rest of the body. With that happening the virus weakens the immune system. When your sick with the flu, your body builds up a defense by making antibodies against it. The flu virus spreads through air when a person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. The Flu was first founded in Seattle September, 1918. The avian flu can also be known as the â€Å"Bird Flu†. The bird flu is being passed around by migratory birds. It can be transmitted from birds to mammals and in some limited circumstances to humans. The flu will also be known as the H5N1 virus. The H5N1 virus has raised concerns about a potential human pandemic because its virulent (deadly; extremely dangerous) and it can evolve like other influenza viruses. As many other viruses and illnesses the flu can be a lot more deadlier. When you get the flu the lungs are severely harmed from infected cells called macrophages and T-cells. The virus can spread way beyond the lungs but generally do not. Many people catch the flu and think they have the common cold because of some of the same symptoms. But actually the flu can be more dangerous if you don’t treat it immediately. Ways to prevent the flu: †¢ Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently †¢ Never pick up used tissues †¢ Never share cups and/or used utensils †¢ Always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze †¢ Stay home when you get sick Research also says that after 5 days the fever and other symptoms have disappeared but a cough and weakness may continue. Usually all symptoms are gone within a week or two. But its important to treat the flu seriously because it can lead to other viruses such as pneumonia and other life-threatening complications. For the most part it appears in infants, senior citizens, and people with long term health problems. People with the flu may not know but they are actually contagious from a day before they feel sick. It would usually be one week for adults and two weeks for young kids. Anyone at any age can have serious complications with the flu but those at high risk are people over 50 years old, children between 6 months and 2 years, women more than 3 months pregnant the flu season, anyone living in a long-term care facility, and anyone with chronic heart, lung or kidney conditions, diabetes, or weakened immune system.

Spatial Cognition and Navigation :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Spatial Cognition and Navigation In the complex dissection of the human brain evolving in our course, great strides have been made on the path to comprehension of thought and action. Evidence concerning the true relationship of mind, body, and behavior has been elucidated through discoveries of the neural pathways enabling active translation of input to output. We have suggested the origins of action, discussed stimuli both internal and external, as well as concepts of self, agency, and personality interwoven with a more accessible comprehension of physical functionality. However, I remain unable to superimpose upon the current construct of brain and behavior a compatible notion of awareness of self. What are the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in understanding the spatial relationships between oneself and other objects in the world? How do we even become aware of space and the environment in which we live? What element of the nervous system governs those processes, which enable human beings to navigat e through space? The term "spatial cognition" is used to describe those processes controlling behavior that must be directed at particular location, as well as those responses that depend on location or spatial arrangement of stimuli (1). Navigation refers to the process of strategic route planning and way finding, where way finding is defined as a dynamic step-by-step decision-making process required to negotiate a path to a destination (2). As a spatial behavior, negotiation demands a spatial representation; a neural code that distinguishes one place or spatial arrangement of stimuli from another (1). What, though, serves as such a representation in navigation and from where are these representations derived? The processes occurring within the hippocampus provide such representations. The hippocampal mode of processing is concerned primarily with large distances and long spaces of time. These processes demand a very specific form of spatial representation, which relate locations to one another as well as to landmarks in an environment, rather than simply to the agent of action. Spatial attention and action, which result from encoded sensory information, are controlled by the parietal neocortex (1). Information relating to the location and stimuli derived from that location is encoded in sensory cortices. Informed by this egocentric information, allocentric representations provide a basis from which one's current location and orientation can be computed from one's relationship to sensory cues in the environment. This particular set of locations is referred to as a cognitive map.

Essay --

The irony of Story of An Hour begins with her finding out that her husband â€Å"died.† Everything starts to go downhill from there. Mrs. Millard the main character dies from heart disease, she is alive when she discovers that her husband never died from the train accident. Richard, Mr. Millard best friend breaks the news to Josephine Mrs. Millard sister. In the book it explains how Richard was at the newspaper office when he waited for the telegram to see if Brently Millard name was on the killed list. He was on the list the irony of the news is that Richard was in fact wrong, Mr. Millard is actually alive. Little did he know that Mrs. Millard would eventually find out and go through her stages of letting go of the past. When she finds out she is heartbroken because she finally thought she was free from her husband. Even though we don’t know for sure if her husband abused her but in the book she whispers â€Å"free,free,free† After she realizes she is free from her past and she can start fresh an forget everything about it. When Mrs. Millard is whispering to herself about being free she is ...

Children Should Be Paid for Doing Chores Essay

ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY Topic: Children should be paid for doing chores It is common knowledge that household chores such as doing the dishes, cleaning rooms, throwing the garbage are not really entertaining activities to the majority of people, especially to children. That is why some parents who are totally aware of the power of the influence of money, expect that allowance relied to chores can be a productive way not only to incite children to do the chores but also to teach them the value of money and hard work. However, the negative influences that money can bring make parents doubt to this method. Although some people claim that children should be paid for doing chores, it is my contention that paying them leads to slippery slope effects. Proponents of allowance relied to chores argue that this method teaches children to manage their own money. However, this is not the only way to make them acquire this notion of management. Parents can give them a monthly pocket money separated to the chores, for instance. Suppose a little boy gets 2500Ar of pocket money a month. If he wants to buy a 5000Ar-video game, he can decide either to spend it for a cheaper one or to save it and wait the next-month-pocket money to buy it. Therefore, children can manage their money else way than getting allowance for chores. Motivation through money may not work and can even be counter-productive, despite the fact that pro-payment for chores claim that it motivates children to do the chores. For example, if a child decides that he/she doesn’t really need a dollar today, it won’t be hard for him/her to decide not to do the chores. Besides, according to psychologists’ researches, young children who are rewarded for drawing are less likely to draw on their own that are children who draw just for the fun of it. In other words, if we reward children with money for doing chores, they will be less motivated to do them. Not only can this reward method demotivate children from doing chores but,  it also teaches them love only for money. In fact, they can ask their parents for an allowance raise; otherwise, they won’t do their household tasks. Dean Mehrkens, a parent who tried the pay-per-chore-system, declared that, due to this system, his three-year-old daughter refused to do anything unless there was some kind of compensation. Furthermore, he added that it made it difficult to correct or discipline a kid for doing what we’d taught him to do: except payment for everything. Consequently, the more parents reward their children with money for doing chores, the more materialistic and demotivated they will be. The most famous argument that pay-per-chore parents advance is this is a mean to make children realize they need to work hard to be well paid; nevertheless, chores are all family members’ responsibilities and not a work at all. Actually, unless it’s their professions, parents are not paid for doing the chores. So, why should children be paid while they won’t be later? Besides, instead of asking their parents allowance for chores, children should be grateful towards them for being taken care of by them and do their duties for free. That’s exactly the message that Marie Laforà ªt wanted to pass on in the lyric of her song entitled â€Å"Gift†: â€Å"Last night, while I was cooking in the kitchen, my son came in and held out a sheet of paper to me [†¦] I read it. And, that’s what it was saying: ‘For having done my bed the whole week 3 francs. For taking out the waste-paper basket 75 cents.[†¦] For having watered the flowers of the balcony 25 cents. Altogether it’s 9 francs and 85 centimes.’ So, I picket his pencil, I returned the sheet and that’s what I wrote: ‘For nine months of patience and twelve hours of suffering, it’s free. For so many sleepless nights, watching your sleep, it’s free. For rides, toys, and school it’s free. And if we have a look at it, the total of my love is totally free.’† We also have to take into consideration that children can have extra-work activities so as to make them understand this work ethic. Besides, most financial and child-development experts agree that paying children for extra-jobs that are outside their normal set of chores is a good idea. They can, for instance, mow the lawn, feed their neighbors’ pets; and sell cakes, cookies, and lemonades. Thus, if they want their children to get this work ethic, parents should incite them to do extra-jobs. It is evident that money has nothing to do with chores which are family duties. It overshadows the good reasons for doing household tasks. Indeed, when children do chores, they receive a sense of accomplishment, pride and increased self-confidence for a job well-done. Sometimes they also want to please their parents. As a consequence, putting a monetary value on chores eclipses all of those benefits. In other words, they will begin to work for allowances instead of their parents’ praise. Besides, not only does payment can cause children’s discouragement for doing chores, but it can also make them more materialistic. Finally, as parents are not even paid for doing chores and are already in charge of their children as well, the latter should thank their parents by doing the chores without payment. Thus, instead of chores allowances, kids can get pocket money, or do extra-jobs to understand work ethic and money management. That’s why I firmly believe that children s hould not be paid for doing chores.

KFC and McDonald’s marketing strategy in China Essay

Abstract McDonald’s is the greatest fast food chain in the world, its company sales and operate income was largely exceeded KFC on a global scale, but it confronted a strong challenge from KFC when it emerged into China. This essay analyzes the comparison between KFC and McDonald’s marketing strategy, emphases on finding the similarities and differentiations from â€Å"Seven P Formula† and finally makes a conclusion that localization is more suitable than globalization as the marketing strategy when fast food chain emerged in China’s market. Introduction Localization or Globalization has long been discussed when choosing strategic orientation in international marketplace. These two international marketing philosophies influenced enterprises’ current situation and future development. There are two fast food international companies named McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) who initially adopted different marketing strategies in China that led to differentiation for their future development. McDonald’s first franchise was founded in the United States in 1955, serve people for hamburger, french fries and other type of fast food, while KFC also from the same country, is now one brand of Yum, which first restaurant was founded in 1952 and mainly sells unique taste cooked chicken. From global scope, McDonald’s is exceeding KFC from company sales, operating profit to worldwide system units. McDonald’s company- operated sales were ï ¼â€ž18875 million, operating income was ï ¼â€ž8764 million and it had 35429 systemwide restaurants in 2013(McDonald’s, 2013), while KFC’s company sales were ï ¼â€ž11184 million, operating profit was ï ¼â€ž1798 million and there were 18875 KFC restaurants in 2013(YUM, 2013). However, as these two global fast-food brands emerged in China, the situation has been reversed. McDonald’s annual report uses APMEA (Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa) as representative of Asian but not show the profit from China while KFC can saw significant progress in China, and it highlighted the progress in new restaurants, recruits and volume growth in annual report. The difference between these  two fast food companies was mainly due to their marketing strategies. That is, localization is more suitable than globalization as the marketing strategy when fast food chain emerged in China’s market. Definition The concept of marketing has long been defined by different people. The easiest one to understand may be a process of planning and executing, from price, products, ideas and services to satisfy customers and organizations objectives (Ferrell et al, 1987). This definition emphases marketing as a process preformed in organization, which has an overview of its practical function. It has mutually beneficial between providers and customers’ exchange, where provider’s goal is to offer products and service to achieve profit and customer’s goal is to purchase products which benefit their daily life. Marketing strategy could be the plan that identifying what is the customers’ requirement and what marketing goals and objectives could be achieved if selling particular goods and services in an available time (Jonathan, 2009). Briefly is the competitive plan that the organization will have. Marketing strategy enables an organization to have an understanding on the envi ronment and achieve its goals and objectives by using its resources that can meet the needs of customs (Douglas et al, 2010). A good marketing strategy would effectively improve company to supervise their value and create consumers’ brand loyalty. Localization is a strategy that advocates enterprises to adapt to local culture. The process often set up their products, services and promotion customized relate to local market. Enterprise should try to integrate into and treat them as an inherent member but not a foreigner to the local culture in the target market, which emphasizes the enterprise must adapt to the environment to gain more space in order to further development (Warren, 2008). KFC is an example that has developed food, drink and service highly sensitized to localization. KFC was the first western fast food chain emerged in China in 1987. In order to succeed, KFC abandoned its U.S. business model and planned to sell core products and services locally. Since it started to now, the company’s strength and competences accumulation has exceeded a major part of fast food companies and successfully posed formidable barriers to competitors in China. Globalization was defined by Edmund as the process of creating links  between individuals and organizations that transcend national boundaries and a re not subject to political interference (Edmund, 2008). Globalization is also a marketing strategy that the organization extended their activities worldwide, it is a main tendency for international companies or company who want to operate in other countries. This tendency was influenced by technical factors such as information and communication technology revolution, and principle of finance and trade, also affected by the movement of people. Globalization will continue be a major tendency in the future because of opportunities, which created huge increases in prosperity, notably in emerging markets, such as China (Martin, 2013). McDonald’s was the example that opened it first restaurant in China in 1990 and adopted globalization strategy initially, but eventually achieved few successes than KFC in China’s market. The similarity and differentiation between KFC and McDonald’s in China’s market KFC opened its first outlet in Beijing in 1987, it was the first western fast food company at that time and now it has 4563 outlets, which can be regarded as the largest restaurant chain in China (YUM, 2013). McDonald’s first restaurant opened in China in 1990, and now it has 2003 outlets all around the China. From the apparent distinction of the outlets, it is necessary to analyses the similarity and differentiation between them. The largest difference was the time these two companies settled in China and implemented their strategies. Franchising is a business format that the franchisor grants a license to franchisee and franchisee then can use it logo, products and goodwill. For example, McDonald’s allow other business man open their chain by using the same name if they have paid initial fee and ongoing management service fee (Colin, C et al, 2012). KFC use collaborative mode l of direct and franchise chain which laid the solid foundation of completive advantages. KFC is earlier than McDonald’s to implement franchising, who established the first franchising restaurant in 1993 and continue implement â€Å"do not start from scratch† mode, which means franchisee do not need to found a location, recruiting and training new employees but apply to join in and take over a mature restaurant. In that situation, franchisees can omit the preparatory work and incorporate themselves to the standard management system as soon as possible. However,  McDonald’s insist on implementing direct chain operate until 2003, while KFC has developed about 40 franchise locations during this period. Thus, McDonald’s was fall behind to KFC at the initial stage, which have deep influence on their future development. Marketing strategy helps make recognition of international opportunity on seven parts: product, price, promotion, place, positioning, packaging, and people. The â€Å"Seven P Formula† was used to evaluate and reevaluate the b usiness activities. As the marketing environment changed so rapidly that it is vital to track and achieve the maximum results by adjust seven P (Brain, 2004). The similarities and differentiation of seven P between two companies also illustrate localization is suitable than globalization. Product â€Å"A product is anything that be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need.† (Philip, 2011). A product contains good, service and ideas. Food is a heart concept of the society and services from the fast-food chain would attract consumers and change customers’ attitude. KFC obtained the success of fast food market mainly by selling chicken products. KFC’s products utilized standard production, which selling inexpensive western-style items with local favor. KFC’s menu changed rapidly to follow the changeable market as they followed product life cycle from introduction, growth to maturity and finally decline. Some products offered temporarily while other permanently. For example, since 24th of March in 2014, KFC started to use the new menus, which eliminated seven items, renewed one item and added fourteen items. The totally variety has reached to 66 products. The success of KFC also from its spec ial ingredients, Sanders’ Original Recipe of â€Å"11 herbs and spices† is one of the most famous trade secret in fast food industry (Chartrand, 2001). The mystery ingredients mixed with local ingredients created a large amount of customers. The manager of KFC realizes that the customers in Sichuan, Hunan and Chongqin are preferred chilly while Shanghai customers would complain the dishes are too spicy. So the company adopted the localization strategy in products and finally changed its recipes to suit the region. McDonald’s mainly selling hamburger with beef, which is a typical western food style. Chinese prefer chicken to beef for some reasons. Firstly, may be  the price, according to the latest price of beef and chicken, there is large gap between them, the average price of beef is 66.60RMB (approximately 6.5 pounds) per kilogram while the average price of chicken only in 19.58RMB (approximately 1.8 pounds) per kilogram (data from the government of china price). Secondly, the traditional cultivation industry in China raise more chicken than cattle, as cattle is so heavy that will eat more and its long growth stage means costly when buying. Due to the price of raw materials, company would change their recipes to adapt the regions, which means products localization. By far, McDonald’s menus have seventeen types of burger and four type of rice, others are beverages and dessert. And McDonald’s insist on standardization on products and just had little change on some food, such as start to sell soy milk for breakfast from 2011. From the difference of the menu, it is obviously that KFC has more products and local appetite products than McDonald’s. Compared the products, KFC’s localization strategy is more suitable than McDonald’s globalization strategy in China. Price Price is the customer pays for a product or a service. It is the most important factor of marketing (McCarthy, 1975). Prices would affect company’s marketing decision and organization’s goal and the achievement in sales volume would influences price reversal. So, it is difficult for manager decide which price is the best, especially in a downturn. Because recessions make customers are able to shift another products or service with lower price as alternatives or substitute (Douglas.2010). The price of a product may go up or go down along with time and location. The right choice of pricing strategy will benefit the company’s competitive position. KFC and McDonald’s use multiple pricing strategies in different situation. They mainly choose the price skimming strategy, the process of selling product or a service for a high price initially, then gradually reducing the price in order to access new market segments(Price , 2009) as their pricing strategy in China. The staple food in KFC contains ten units(six of burger, two types of roll and two types of rice ) in the latest menu, hamburgers’ price fluctuated around 14 RMB (approximately 1.3 pounds), while McDonald’s have nine burger as its staple food and the price range from 6 to 16.5 RMB due to  different meat. McDonald’s mainly sell beef burger all around the world, but the high price is not suitable in developing country, therefore, it started sell burger with pork, chicken, duck and fish. KFC and McDonald’s fierce competition sometimes force each other to adjust their price according to the cost and demand. Promotion Promotion is an activity that designed to boost the sales of products and service (Jonathan, 2009). Sales promotion also defined as an activity or martial that acts as an inducement to stimulate consumers to buy the products (Sally et al, 2012). Companies are aimed at stimulating sales through advertising campaign, temporary price reductions and variety types of promotion methods. The brand would be intangible assets and goodwill of a company. The more successful it promote, the more it will creating brand loyalty from customers. KFC restaurant in China has a large logo of ‘KFC’ and the portrait of Colonel which leave deep impression on Chinese. It has changed old logo to a new one, which stress on â€Å"Taste† and present youthful energy, friendlier and more welcoming. The promotions of KFC are varied from advertising in television to Internet, or distributing coupons in public place. Every year, KFC would have new menus to attract customers and provide meal set, such as buy burger with cola together will save money. Sometimes KFC will send gifts as premiums to attract customers, especially children. It also distributes coupons in the street or can download app of KFC, then you can get small discount from the product. McDonald’s logo is a golden arch of M, with a slogan of ‘I’m lovin’ it’. The promotion method of McDonald’s is similar to KFC. Coupons, package and digital marketing all create growth in marketing. Place and Positioning Place is where the products or service actually sold, it includes geographical location which offered products or services and different types of distribution channel (McCarthy, 1975). The product or service positioning has been described as the place occupied in a particular marketing where product is targeted by customer (Wind, 1980). Generally, Fast food chain has two target consumers. One is the people who live in a busy life. Such as employees who spend whole day in front of computers. These people busy at their working and had no time preparing food. Fast food gives them the chance to eat in a very short time. The other is the consumer who does not like cooking such as young people. KFC and McDonald’s give them the chance to try new. Target on these consumers, these two companies has their special outlets placement strategy. In order to satisfy consumers who have a busy lifestyle, they open their outlets in cities, in which has a higher population density and well-developed transport system. And to those who want to try new and unwilling to cook by themselves, the restaurant always placed close to schools, universities, city centre and commercial areas that young people study at and prefer to go. It has published in McDonald’s official website for the restaurant development. â€Å"McDonald’s looks for the best locations within the marketplace to provide our customers with convenience. We build quality restaurants in neighborhoods as well as airports, malls, tollways, and colleges at a value to our customers.†(from McDonald’s official website), while KFC provides customers with the most convenient, desirable and accessible restaurant locations across the country, such as the outlets in the city centre of Beijing and Shanghai, where has shopping mall or commercial street. People go shopping in those place prefer to find a comfortable place to have a rest, drink a cup of tea or coffee and eat some food. KFC and McDonald’s success in choosi ng location set a good example for other fast food restaurants. Packaging Packaging is a part of marketing process and link to brand identity. The impact on the image of product ultimately derived from customer’s perception of satisfaction. Package is a vital part of a product that making it more versatile, safer and easier to use (Sally et al, 2012). The customer would evaluate the product or service from the first moment of seeing. And package characteristics help sharp buyers’ impression during use. Then their attitude would influence their purchase decisions. KFC’s package adopted world class packaging with new logo which has character of KFC and the portrait of Colonel in the middle of front page. And the design is flexible to local market. McDonald’s package use more colorful package with creative idea. And also has the logo ‘M’ in every package. These two companies both  adopt family packaging, an approach in which all of company’s package are similar or include one major element of the design (Sally et al, 2012), as their approach to promote. Both of their package had live a deep impression on Chinese. People All the people directly or indirectly involved in the service or production will concern in market when making marketing strategy. Customers, employees and other people are inseparable when production and consumption happened. It is essential to pay attention to those people (Booms et al. 1981). KFC in China targets on the concepts of family and group. The customers range from children to the elders. Before 2004, McDonald’s insists on families centered on children, at the same time, attracted young person and young parents. After the year of 2004, the target market has been young people whose age between 4 and 30. McDonald’s advocates the passion and enthusiasm in younger while KFC emphasis on the harmony between family members, in China, this particular marketing where the concepts of family was strengthen, KFC therefore occupied advantages. Through the comparisons of KFC and McDonald’s from seven aspects in marketing strategy, it can have a clear judgment between them. The reason why China has become the place that KFC exceed McDonald’s initially because the policy makers think highly of this particular market and understand the cross cultural management, the appropriate survey helps avoid mistake. Conclusion In conclusion, KFC and McDonald’s adopted different strategies for their development in China. The gross or net profit from their annual report shows that they both have success on operating and developing, but the content emphases on China’s market have apparent difference as their initially adopted localization and standardization (globalization) in advent of China. 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