The pakistani community in the United Kingdom

The pakistani community in the United demesneAli (1982) Pakistanis main concentration is in U.K. where they began in the telephone lineallyhand(predicate) 20th century as sailors in the Merchant Navy and soldiers in the British army. They had an opportunity to migrate in large numbers following the economic expansion and shortage of labour resulting from the two humanity wars. However, their migration did not have a set pattern up until the last half of the mid-fifties. (p. 5-7)Post world war two migration to Britain from the Asiatic subcontinent was based on imperial ties and largely driven by economic imperatives. Rebuilding post war economy entailed a demand for labour that could not be satisfied by the British universe itself. After 1945, virtually all countries in western Europe began to allure meaningful numbers of dallyers from abroad and by the late 1960s they aroundly came from developing countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East (Massey, D. e t.al , 1993, p. 431). Islam in the UK has a South Asian character. The largest number of Moslems originates from Pakistan (Samad Sen, p.43). Further to this, the largest free radical of Muslims from the Indian subcontinent have drop out from Pakistan, two West and East (Ibid.) In Pakistan, major impetuses to emigrate came from the poorer agricultural areas of the Mirpuri district in southern Kashmir and the Cambellpur district of the north-eastern Punjab. Smaller numbers left from the North-west Frontier Province next to the Afghani border. In the case of Mirpur, a unless reckon was the disruption caused by the Mangla Dam project which started in 1960, and was ultimately to flood about 250 hamlets. In East Pakistan, which was later to become Bangladesh, the two main sources of immigration were in the Sylhet district in the north-east and the maritime region around Chittagong. Due to the struggles of a newly developed state and p everyplacety, many Pakistanis took the opp ortunity to come and work in Britain. (Neilsen, 2004, p. 41)Before 1962, Pakistanis were British subjects (under the 1948 British Nationality Act) and could enter Britain without restriction. There was a dramatic increase in the rate of immigration just before the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 19621was passed. Before the act of 1962 was passed about fifty thousand mountain entered Britain within 18 months, in comparison the 17,000 who entered between 1955 and 1960 (Shaw, 1998 25). The threat of Britains immigration controls in addition coincided with a change in the Pakistani Governments policy on immigration. In 1961, when the 1962 Common wealth Act was imminent, Pakistani government withdrew restrictions on immigration and promoted the migration of 5,000 people in a move to compensate Mirpuri villagers who had been dispossessed of land by the construction of the dam (Shaw, 1998 25).Until the beginning of the 1960s, entry into the UK by the citizens of British colonies and outgrow th countries of the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962, introduced restrictions on immigration to the UK. Although it was intended to discourage Pakistanis and people from Commonwealth countries from migrating to the country, it turned out to have the opposite feeling. The unintended effect of the 1971 Immigration Act2was that a significant number of Pakistanis and from the other countries entered the UK to beat the ban (Shaw, 1994, as quoted in Samad Sen, 2007, p. 28). 1970s family reunification marked a good turn point for the establishment of Islam in Europe. A call backable with draw upnce of community done family reunification, virtually of the conventional norms rooted in social relations, by dint of the practice of Islam began to emerge (Ibid., p.38)These labour migrants despite their social origins and qualification levels were largely confined to low-paid manual work and faces racial discrimination when universe recruited for jobs (Modood, 2005, p. 60). In the 1 970s Ethnic minorities were brand as scroungers and the threat of overcrowding was becoming a grave concern. Enoch Powell, in 1967, openly advocated a policy of repatriation where he argued not for migrants families to be reunited in Britain but quite an that migrants should be go acrossed home and reunited with families over there (Jones and Wellhengama, 2000 16). Further to this, by emphasising that Britishness checks common biological root, a common language and an allegiance to the Crown parliamentarians easily excluded real migrants (Ibid, p. 31).With the consequences of state led policies of migration, and arrival and settlement of a growing Pakistani community, emerged socio-economic problems that this new community had to face. The next part of the essay will discuss the unhomogeneous ways in which the British Pakistanis are disadvantaged and ways in which they responded to the underlying and changing political, social and economic conditions in Britain. While the disad vantage of Pakistanis real predates the rise of anti-Muslim prejudice, the latter threatens to exacerbate the former and to prevent the formation of goodwill required to act against the chronic disadvantage of Pakistanis in Britain. (Modood, 2005, p. 80)As the Labour pierce survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45) illustrates, Pakistanis are two and a half times more credibly than the white commonwealth to be jobless and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. harmonize to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census see that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions.Chain migration processes have a well-knit influence on locating minorities in clusters. Hostility from the society within which the settlement takes place can reduce the ability of the group to disperse and disaffirmatio n may be an important element in lot. There are two positive and invalidating reasons for clustering in most ethnic clustering patterns and, given their simultaneous presence in many situations, it is difficult to disentangle dominant from recessive factors. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that not all segregation results from negative factors such(prenominal) as white racism (Peach, 1996, p. 228)Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their net housing class, the rooming house. encounter by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that twine migration by village and family, the desire to increase savings, shared language and worship, culinary adopts and so forth all argued in fav our of sharing accommodation. Thus, although discrimination existed, it was not hearty to the patterns of concentration that arose.Many of the early Pakistani migrants to Britain have been the most reluctant to attach a British identity to themselves. With the effects of globalisation, Pakistanis are also overturned about losing their traditions, customs and set and hence hold onto the security of their close knit society with a hesitance in accepting anything British (Jacobson, 1997, 185).Pakistani British Muslims have been vastly influenced by cultures and customs emanating from the subcontinent, and this will pass on to happen for another extension or two. The context within which they practice their religion is after all, Pakistani one not only because they younger generation learned about Islam from their Pakistani parents but also because Pakistanis are the dominant group within the local Muslim community. They are used to hearing Urdu spoken in mosque, eating Pakistani f ood and wearing Pakistani clothes at religious festivals, follow Pakistani customs at weddings and other religiousceremonies and abide by and rail against definitions of moral behaviour which have more to do with the norms of Pakistani village life. For them the interconnections between ethnic culture and religion are dense and intricate (Jacobson, J. 2003, p. 147)V.S. Khan (1979), writing on Mirpuris in Bradford, discusses the effect of migration on those arriving in Britain and ways in which this shapes their socio-cultural behavior. He maintains that the very means of coping with migration could lead to inherent stresses, in that the knowledge of traditional culture in the homeland, constant rating through the process of migration to Britain and prior expectations have a direct affect on the migrants life-style and values. The stressful experience of migration is alsoa crucial determinant of a migrants erudition of his situation, and the actual options open to him. While many o f the supportive institutions of village life buffer confrontation with the new and alien world in Britain, in the long term they not only restrict access to it, but also hinder the attainment of things valued (Ibid. p. 55)Werbner discusses similar factors the social stresses experienced by Pakistani migrants in Britain derive fromthree main arenas the traditional culture and emigration area the migrationprocess and settlement in the new environment and society (1990 37).Her abstract however, presents a more positive bewitch of the adaptability of Pakistanis to new circumstances, in particular to those concerning women, and regarding the expansion of kinship networks to inculcate friends and members of other sub-castes. (Imtiaz, 1997, p. 36)Significance of BradfordThe Bradford Metropolitan District is located west of Leeds north of the trans- Pennine highway. To the north and east lies North Yorkshire, with its manor houses, farms and cathedral cities, enchantment to the west an d north lies the Lake District.The city has been the centre of the wool trade since the eighteenth century and, until recently, wool dominated the local economy. Even the engineering and chemical industries were associated with the wool trade by supplying the necessitates of the textile industry. Throughout the nineteenth century it was mainly a working class city structured around a low wage economy. The global networks, stretching out to the colonies, in particular, were constructed around importing wool and reprocessing it for export. These networks persisted into the mid-twentieth century (Samad Eade, Community Laison Unit)Although Pakistani Muslims settled in various parts of the United Kingdom, Bradford still has one of the highest concentrations of Pakistani Muslims in the country (and more than any other Yorkshire and Humber region) (Din, 2006). Bradford is one of many towns and cities that have ethnically diverse populations in terms of religion as well such places as Tow er Hamlets, Birmingham and Slough (National Census, 2001). The Bradford area also has one of the highest numbers of individuals who were born outside the European Union (National Census, 2001).The majority of Muslims in Bradford have roots in rural areas, with a large majority of Pakistanis from Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, a mountainous region and one of the least northern areas of Pakistan. This Pakistani community has a growing underclass with a significant section of young men under achieving in schools. They are generally characterised by low educational qualifications and occupational concentrations in restaurants and taxi driving. Along with low participation of women in the formal labour market and marriage at an early age, fewer years of education, humble educational skills and large average family and household size contributes to multiple deprivations (Lewis, 2007).Bradford has a rich religious, ethnic and cultural diversity. With a range of ethnic communities, it is predomin antly Muslim (16.1 per cent) and largely of Pakistani origin with 14.5 percent of the total population of the city (National Statistics, 2003 as quoted in Gilligan, 2005). The Pakistani communities are very much concentrated in the inner wards of the city, where they tend to live amidst a relatively self-contained world of businesses and institutions, religious and cultural, which they have created to service, their specific needs (Lewis, 2002, p. 203.) Compared to other majority white communities, Bradfords Asian population is relatively young (National Statistics, 2003). They also tend to be located in areas facing relatively high levels of deprivation and disadvantage (DETR, 2000 Cantle, 2001 Denham, 2001 as quoted in Gilligan Akhtar, 2005). agree to the Change Institutes report on the Pakistani Muslim Community in England, (2009) currently Bradford has the largest proportion of its total population (15%) identifying itself as of Pakistani origin in England. The report suggests that the latest estimates (from Bradford Metropolitan District Council) have indicated that the South Asian population has freehanded considerably over the last decade to 94,250, and that the people of Pakistani/Kashmiri origin number about 73,900. It further states that the South Asian population now represents about 19 per cent of the total population of Bradford and 16 per cent of Bradfords residents are Muslims, compared to the national average of 3 per cent.Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis (young and old) have an attachment to Bradford. For many older Pakistanis, who arrived in the late 1950s and early 60s, Bradford is Mirpur is their home from home. For the young generations of Pakistanis it is their home (Din, 2006)Studies on MirpurisMuch of the literature on Pakistanis in Britain, particularly from the late 1970s up to the late 1980s, tends to be based on studies of communities in particular towns, such as Anwar (1979) on Rochdale, Currer (1983) on Bradfor d, Jeffrey (1979) on Bristol, Shaw (1988) on Oxford, and Werbner (1985 1990) on Manchester.A number of studies have explored the intent of Asian (or Pakistani) migration and settlement across various geographical towns and cities (see Khan, 1974, 1979 Anwar, 1979 Shaw, 1988, 1994 Werbner, 1990). Some have had a particular focus on employment and housing issues (in particular Dahya, 1974 Werbner and Anwar, 1991 Anwar, 1991). cadence the economic position of communities is easier to determine what is more difficult is to examine the experiences and attitudes of young people towards their parents/elders their community and the wider British society.There is an enormous amount of published work on the early immigrants (Rose et al, 1969 Dahya, 1974 Khan 1979). Rose et al (1969) is a good starting point for cultural studies relating to the Pakistani community. Rose explored issues such as the need to recruit labour immigrants to meet the needs of the British economy and the settlement process of the early immigrants in textile cities like Bradford. In addition he explored the problems encountered, such as obtaining suitable accommodation, access to public services, integration and the problems of adapting to a very different way of life. The experiences of families of early settlers joining their husbands in the United Kingdom have also, to an extent, been explored. This shows close-knit family ties which exist in Pakistani families, managed marriages, biraderi and gender inequalities in Pakistani households (Khan, 1979).One of the earliest writers on Pakistanis in England is Dahya (1973 1974), who began his inquiry in Birmingham and Bradford in 1956 and continued to publish into the 1980s. He remains amongst a hand full of researchers who have endeavoured to describe daily life amongst the single, male migrants and the control exercised over them by heads of families back in Pakistan. He clearly justifyed the nature of the links between the migrants in Engla nd and the social structures operating in Pakistan, based on the need for the migrant, whose family has sent him abroad in order for him to send back remittances and thus benefit not only immediate relatives but also the whole of the biraderi or kinship group. He concludes that the Pakistani migrant community is in a very real sense a transitional society going through the phase of development from a rural to an urban industrial society (1973 p, 275). Today, with the constant movement between the villages of origin of Pakistani migrants and their places of inhabitancy in Britain, coat way for a constant, rapid social and economic change in both societies, his conclusion tends to be within a situational context of a time, when both were much more separate than they are today.Jamal (1998) carried out a research to explore food consumption experiences the British-Pakistanis in Bradford, UK and the ways the British Pakistanis perceive their food, and their science of English food in the UK. He identified that the first generation of British-Pakistanis perceive their own food to be traditional, tasty but oily and problematic. conglomerate English foods are perceived by them as foreign, bland, but nonetheless, healthy. The young generation of British-Pakistanis are increasingly consuming mainstream English foods while also consuming traditional Pakistani food.Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their lowest housing class, the rooming house. Work by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that chain migration by village and family, the desire to maximize savings, shared language and religion, culinary needs and so forth all argued in favour of sharing accommodation. Thus, al though discrimination existed, it was not material to the patterns of concentration that arose.According to the Labour force survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45), Pakistanis are two and a half times more likely than the white population to be unemployed and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. According to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census show that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions.Another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alien not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individuality and des cribed them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society.Recent study by Bolgnani (2007) highlights forms of homeland attachment and analyses their deduction among second- and third-generation British Pakistanis by comparison with the myth of return that characterised the early pioneer phase of Pakistani migration to Britain. He highlights that Homeland attachment for young British Pakistanis is constituted through school holidays spent in Pakistan, participation there in life-cycle rituals involving the wider kinship network, and the older generations promotion of the idea of Pakistan as a spiritual and cultural homeland. It further suggests that, for the pioneer generation, the myth of return justified a socio-economically motivated migration. He further argues that for the second and third generations, the homeland attachments and the idea of a possible return toPakistan is a response to contemporary political ten sions and Islamophobia. Therefore, he concludes that while myth of return still remains, for the majority, that myth has been revitalised and has a new political significance in the contemporary political context of British Pakistanis.However, another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alienated not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individualism and described them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society.MarriagesThe governing principle of marital choice in any community is homogamy the selection of a partner from a similar social background shaped, for example, by race, class, ethnicity, religion, age and education, thus those who do no t conform to these norms, in some circumstances, suffer sanctions, ranging from disapproval to ostracism (Bradford Commission Report 1996).For Pakistanis, the life-cycle with weddings, births and funerals is particularly lived in a shared way by the family extended and split over two continents, Europe and Asia. Adults make return trips for various reasons, but most centrally to arrange or perform a childs marriage (Ballard 1987, p. 21 Shaw 2001, p. 319-325).Among British Pakistanis marriage is not only within the same ethnic group, but blood-related-arranged with relatives-according to clan as well as caste systems. In a complex context of ethnicity and caste, marriage is often seen as the elect mechanism to consolidate biradari3loyalties. Furthermore, due to chain migration, stronger village and kin networks were created, that were later reinforced by transnational arranged marriages, often with cousins from the same area or village.Pakistanis, like many other groups, consider it an important parental responsibility to find spouses for their children. They prefer to select someone they know well, to be sure that he or she has the qualities they appreciate and will make a caring partner. However, Khan (1977) argues in his research that ethnic minorities such as Pakistanis, face two problems namely the limited availability of suitable persons in the restricted local community, and another the fact that their circle of acquaintance in the country of origin tends to shrink within the limits of the extended family. Therefore, for groups with a tradition of consanguineous marriage, it is only natural for the choice of partner to fall progressively closer within the family circle. This argument is supported by Rao Inbaraj (1979) who give evidence to support this view from South India, arguing that for South Asians monogamous, close consanguineous marriage has been practised for thousands of years.Moreover, Bano (1991) discussed the upward social mobility through the institution of marriage amongst British Pakistanis, which she sees as being marked in the Netherlands in comparison to Pakistan. She described the practice of cousin marriages explaining their common prevalence amongst relatively wealthy, rural, as well as landowning families. She then discusses the accessory of cousin marriage (Ibid. p.15), proposing that it could include partners being chosen from distant family, or from the same religious tendency, or from the parents close business contacts.According to a research conducted by Overall and Nichols (2001), the U.K. Asian population, particularly within the Pakistani communities, tends to have high levels of consanguineous unions which are correlated with high rates of morbidity and deathrate (Darr and Modell 1988 Terry et al. 1985 Bundey et al. 1991 as quoted in Overall Nickols, 2001). It is not unusual to observe a proportion of first-cousin marriages of around 50% (Darr and Modell 1988).Modood et al. argue that the Asian o lder generation prefers marriages to be arranged by families within the clan or extended family and that love marriages were not the most appropriate way of finding a life-partner. The most frequent argument supporting this view was that love marriages are equated with high levels of divorce. Arranged marriages are seen as diminishing the likelihood of divorce because the partners are chosen for their compatibility and suitable family backgrounds (Modood et al. 1997).According to most researchers there is a continuing prevalence for high rates of intercontinental and intra-caste marriages (over 50%) between British Pakistani spouses and brides or grooms in Pakistan (Charsley, 2003 Shaw, 2001). It is suggested that the pressure for such marriages is apparently exerted by close relatives in Pakistan who use marriage as a route for their children to migrate legally to Britain. According to recent research, however, the spouses marrying into Britain often suffer isolation, and have poor employment prospects (Charsley, 2003). Furthermore, most Pakistani children are compliant and agree, however reluctantly, to cousin and intercontinental marriages (Jacobson, 1998). The Home speckle statistics show an influx of 15,000 prospective marriage partners (male and female) from the Indian sub-continent arriving in Britain in 2001 alone, the vast majority arranged by parents for their British-born children (Werbner, 2005). Charsley (2003) reports that, in 2000, there were 10,000 people both men and women, who married into Braitian. Werbner (2005) explains this phenomenon by arguing that Islam permits marriage with a wide range of close kin and affines, and according to recent researches, the majority of Pakistani marriages continue to take place within the biradari a local agnatic lineage and, more widely, an ego-focused kindred of traceable affines and consanguineous kin. She argues that this notion of biradari helps mediate between kinship, locality and zat (caste), and that such biradaris are ranked and reflect class and caste status in the Pakistani society (Werbner, 2005).Darr and Modell (1988) conducted a research that carried inculcated an enquiry answered by c randomly selected British Pakistani makes in the postnatal wards of two hospitals in West Yorkshire, Bradford, showed that 55 were married to their first cousins, while only 33 cases had individuals whether their mother had been married to her first cousin. Darr and Modell argued that there results indicated an increasing rate of consanguineous marriage in the relatively small group studied, contrasting with the decreasing rate which was spy in some other countries. They had enquired 900 women in hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1983 showing 36% first cousin marriages, 4% first cousin once removed, 8% second cousin, and 53% unrelated (of which 25% were in the Biraderi (same kinship). These figures are almost identical with those reported in Britain for the grand parental generation (who were married while they were in Pakistan), and supported their conclusion that the frequency of close consanguineous marriage was increasing among British Pakistanis (p. 189).According to another research by Modell (1991) both in Pakistan and the UK about 75% of marriages are between relatives, but the frequency of closely consanguineous marriage has increased with migration, about 55% of couples of reproductive age in England being married to a first cousin. In many cases the relationship is closer than first cousins because of previous consanguineous marriages in the family. The proportion of cousin marriages is likely to fall but the absolute number will increase, at least for the next generation, because the population is growing.According to the results of a study by Alam Husband (2006), Muslims comprise the UKs largest religious minority, and are the object of analysis and concern within various policy arenas and popular debates, including immigration, marriage and partn er selection, social cohesion and integration. Their research analysed experiences and narratives from 25 men aged 16 to 38, their accounts shedding light on what it means to be a Bradfordian of Pakistani and Muslim heritage. It also highlighted the policy context meet the mens attitudes toward various facets of their lives, including marriage, family, work, the city in general, and the neighbourhood in which they lived. Alam Husband concluded that although there were some generational continuity of cultural values and norms, several significant changes were also simultaneously taking place.Shaw (2001) began his study by supposing that in the 1990s, forty years after Pakistani migration to Britain began, the rate of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis would show signs of decline, as the urbanized and British-educated descendants of pioneer immigrants adopt the values of many contemporary Westerners and reject arranged marriages. However, on the contrary based on the s tatistical data he gathered, he saw that Pakistani marriage patterns showed no such clear trend, and instead there was some evidence that, within current groups of British Pakistanis, the rate of first-cousin marriage had increased rather than declined. The study offered an analysis and interpretation of a high rate of marriage to relatives, especially first cousins, in a sample of second-generation British Pakistanis. It argued that the high rate of such marriage is not a simple reflection of a cultural predilection. The research also underlines the inadequacy of a blanket category Pakistani in relation to marriage patterns and choices. Shaw suggested that certain variations in region of origin, caste, socio-economic status, and upbringing must be considered in analysis in order to reveal the processes that have generated this pattern and allowed it to persist.Simpson (1997) claims that in Bradford 50 per cent of marriages are trans-continental, i.e. the partner sare from Pakista n. He has proposed two reasons that help explain the reasons for choosing partners from outside Britain, and has analysed the ways these reasons operate independently or may reinforce each other. Firstly, there is a cultural preference for consanguinity, usually marriage to a cousin, which is prevalent among the Pakistani community. As Sarah Bundey et al. (1990) showed in her research that 69 per cent of Birmingham Pakistani marriages are consanguineous and it is expected that if current researchers were carried out they will show similar levels in Bradford, considerably higher than in Pakistan itself. Simpson (1997) further argues that since emigration from Pakistan to Britain is usually seen as a positive achievement, marriage also functions specifically to take on a commitment to improve the family fortunes. He gives the second reason that many Muslim young people in Bradford express a cultural preference for partners with traditional values and that sentiment is echoed by their parents who then arrange or help to arrange their marriage partners from Pakistan. Simpson nevertheless points out that, this trend should not be seen as simply a preference for subservient wives albeit this may be true for some. He further points out that there is qualitative evidence that some young Muslim women see men with traditional values from Pakistan as providing a more secure family future than the more liberal friends with whom they have grown up in Bradford. This Simpson points out may coincide both with the strong Muslim and the strong Pakistani identities that are noted among Bradford young women, based on researchers by Kim Knott and Sajda Khokher (1993) and by Kauser Mirza (1989).Modood and Berthoud (1997) carried out a research to show that among ethnic minority groups 20 per cent of African-Caribbeans

Fashion Essays Fashion and Hugo Boss

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Since HUGO BOSS is in use(p) in international marketing, changes in world economic forces are potentially highly significant. The rate of inflation, unemployment and the level of domestic interest rates affect the top from new investments and can inhibit the adoption and diffusion of new technologies. Economic changes pose a set of opportunities and threats, this it is very important that HUGO BOSS monitors the economic environment at both domestic and world levels.Social and Cultural FactorsIt is very important for HUGO BOSS to manifest itself in changing tastes, purchasing behavior and c hanging priorities. The type of goods and run demanded by the consumers is a function of their social conditioning and their consequent attitudes and beliefs. Social changes are preceded by changes over time in a societys cultural values. The prevail changes are also another factor to be taken care of. Every time the weather of a country changes they need to change their products. Consumers need different motilitys and styles. They do not need want to wear the same styles every time. The lifestyle trend changes to an extent every time. HUGO BOSS also has an outstanding advertising. All this helps them create the effectiveness of their products etc.Technological FactorsHUGO BOSS plays an important part in expert progress. They have their own research department which plays a part in innovating new developments and new applications. A change in the technological environment affects the pr oducts and services that the firm produces and the way in which the firms carry out their business operations. There is a very important need to have technological improvements in the business in todays world. The design of the collections and the development of groundbreaking production technologies both occur at corporate headquarters in Metzingen. There, for each of the years four seasons, their creative teams design the fashions that capture the contemporary zeitgeist.Swot AnalysisSWOT analysis refers to the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats that a company evaluates in itself as well as from the market which it is trying to capture. With this knowledge, the internal and external factors of the firm can be easily analyzed and worked upon to improve the growth and market share of the firm. Strengths and Weaknesses form the internal factors and Opportunities and Threats form the external factors that influence the marketing activities of an organization.StrengthsThe st rengths that a company represents the competitive advantage that it has over the other firms its competing with. HUGO BOSS has a very good reputation, resulting in a high market share, making it the biggest retailer on the high streets. A good repute brings a high brain of the brand name in the minds of almost every potential consumer. Its diversity and variety in the product offerings, furnishing to everyones needs whether man or woman, and spirit aged customers has added on to being one of its strengths and reasons for loyalty in the marketplace.WeaknessesWeaknesses often discourage employees in a corporation, but identifying them is necessary in order to pass them to re-enter the market. A companys weaknesses are not just the problems from the firms point of view, but also from the consumers point of view. These limitations windy down the progress of the company when compared to its competitors. Some of HUGO and BOSS inabilities are keeping up with the changing trends in the retail market. Sometimes their incapability to target the righteousness customers in terms of product range and potentiality also hinder the growth of the company.OpportunitiesOpportunities refer to the upcoming trends or social, economical or technological patterns that can be exploited to increase market share and customer loyalty. Since the age group targeted by HUGO BOSS is till the age of 60 years, more number of old people should be targeted as prospective customers. Collaboration with other companies to increase product breadth and depth, with more celebrity patronage is a sure opportunity that should be taken advantage of. Buying competitors who could pose a threat in the future is also a possibility that HUGO BOSS can utilize to keep up its market share.ThreatsThreats are the inevitable situations that might arise, which the company needs to handle tactfully. These are external factors that cannot be controlled by the company. changing trends in fashion and economic and t echnological advances are some of the threats that all fashion industries face, including HUGO BOSS. The varying structures in the market, mostly in the younger clothing markets also are threats to retailers.ConclusionIn 1987, Boss Orange for men was launched described as sporty and casual separating itself from the trendy Hugo brand and the sophisticated Boss Black brand. Boss Green is a completely sporty brand selling items designed for sport or a sporty look.The companys products, divided over cardinal brands, are available throughout the world in 103 countries and more than 5,002 retail stores. These brands are Boss, Hugo, and since 2004, Baldessarini. The latter, Baldessarini GmbH, is a more independent business unit which focuses on a more prestigious image than its two sister brands. It sells, like the other Hugo Boss brands, clothing, shoes, fragrances and accessories but will leave Hugo Boss after the Spring/summertime 2007 collection has been sent to boutiques. This is du e to the newly launched premium Boss line, Boss Black Selection, outselling Baldessarini.Todays sub-brands for men include Boss Black/Boss Black Selection, Boss Green, Boss Orange, Hugo, and Baldessarini. For women Boss Black, Boss Orange (announced in July 2005 for Spring/Summer 2006 launch) and Hugo. Also part of the brand is Lifestyle Accessories.With an analysis on the various factors touch on the firm along with its strengths and opportunities as internal factors and weaknesses and threats as external factors, there is a clear understanding on the position and market segment HUGO BOSS covers and satisfies. Its strengths and weaknesses along with its PEST factors, the behavior of the organization towards these aspects in the marketing field, are also identified.References1) Kotler, P. (1996) The Principles of Marketing, Second European Edition, PrenticeHall2) Marketing (2002) Dont let medias search for a story cloud the business issues.Vol 3, p. 163) www.hugoboss.com (as viewe d on 10/12/07)4) http//66.102.9.104/search?q=cachejwO826q-jWgJmonikgupta.net/bsc/MarketingReport.pdf+Hugo+Boss+SWOThl=enct=clnkcd=9gl=uk (as viewed on 10/12/07)5) http//www.coursework4you.co.uk/swot.htm (as viewed on 11/12/07)

How Music Changed In The 20th Century Music Essay

How Music Changed In The 20th Century Music EssayThe sentimentalist Period (1800-1910) saw music evolve from the formats, genres and musical ideas established in preceding periods such and went further in expressing different forms of art with music. However, the 20th blow saw the rise of great composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Charles Ives and Igor Stravinsky whose contributions to the world of music brought dynamic changes. In the twentieth century music was no longer confine to opera-houses, clubs, and concerts and this freedom brought experimentation with new agencys of music that went against the conventional music practices.Discussed below are the contributions of the aforementioned composers and their influence on 20th century music.Arnold SchoenbergSchoenberg, an Austrian born(p) composer is widely celebrated for the developments that he brought into the musical arena. His music from his early years was filled with rich harmonies that evolved from the innovative style of Richard Wagners operas. He is also credited with extending the deeds of Brahms. By 1913, Schoenberg was exploring a new musical language. This had started in 1908, with his string quartet whose first two movements were written in a complex tonal style -the central organizing principle of western music in that period. However, with the third and fourth movements Schoenberg bid goodbye the world of tonality. As such, he pioneered an innovation in atonalism which became the most polemical characteristic of twentieth century art music. In the 1920s, he developed the twelve tone technique (dodecaphony) which is a widely potent integrative method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation and was the first composer to find oneself new ways of developing motifs without resorting to tonality. With this disc everywherey, he worked at enabling the texture of his music become simpler and much clearer. The t welve-tone technique in effect provided control over the melodic and harmonic aspects of a composition. Schoenbergs dodecaphony eventually became one of the integral and polemical issues among European and American musicians until late twentieth century. To date, composers have been extending his legacy in more and more radical directions.Charles IvesIves, one of the first American composers of supranational renown combined the American church music with European art music and was among the first composers to strike in a systematic program of experimental music with musical techniques like polytonality, polyrhythm, and tone clusters among others. He was an accomplished pianist and many of his publications had piano part that were similar to modern movements in Europe, including bitonality and pantonality. He is best known for his orchestral music and he composed two string quartets and other works of sleeping accommodation music. Ives music possessed a number of unique features. He applied unconventional approaches to rhythm and harmony away from the salon styles of the nineteenth century that were subordinate on European models. He wanted a music that reflected his view of America rugged, man-to-manistic, and unafraid to experiment. His music contains a mixture of hard-hedged dissonance and quotations from his favorite hymn tunes. Ives compositional career came to an end in 1918 when he succumbed to health complications. Over the duration of time that he had been actively composing, he managed to create a organic structure of work that was unique and ahead of his time. His works were not celebrated as much during his early days but later on in his tone his music began to be taken seriously. In 1947, he received the Pulitzer Prize for his Third Symphony and since then, his works became an integral part of the classical repertoire and he has been recognized for being a fine composer.Igor StravinskyThis Russian-born composer, pianist and conductor is wid ely acclaimed as one of the most important and influential composers of 20th century music. Stravinskys compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. Unlike Arnold Schoenberg who abandoned the world of tonality, he sought to retain tonality by advancing it to its very limits. Stravinsky first achieved international renown with three ballets The Firebird, Petrushka and The Rite of Spring. The Rite was based upon harsh dissonance, motor rhythms and ambiguous harmonies that drove tonality to its brink. It transformed the way in which subsequent composers scene about rhythmic structure, and was responsible for his enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary, extending the boundaries of musical design. After this Russian phase, Stravinsky joined the Orthodox Church in 1926 and turned to neoclassicism. During this period, his works made use of traditional music forms (concerto grosso, fugue, and symphony) and were all striking in their austerity and experimental tonal ity. For this neoclassical style, he abandoned the heavy(a) orchestras required by the ballets and only used wind instruments, the piano and choral and chamber works. In 1952, Stravinsky began using serial compositional styles, including dodecaphony, the twelve-tone technique originally knowing by Schoenberg.Stravinsky earned the title of one of musics truly epochal innovators because of his technical innovations and the changing face of his compositional style while still maintaining identity. He force his inspiration from different cultures, languages and literatures therefore his influence on composers to date is considerable. Apart from his distinctive use of rhythm, he continued to compose pieces which elaborated on individual pieces by earlier composers. He was also a wonderful conductor of his own and other peoples music and led hundreds of concerts worldwide.In different ways, Igor Stravinsky rewrote music history. His brilliant, demanding orchestral scores carved the pat h for the superstar conductor. Years later, his works continue to play a dominant role in the programming of symphony orchestras, ballet companies and increasingly, major opera houses.ConclusionEach of the composers discussed above have in their own way greatly influenced the musical circles. Their works and innovation continue to flout new talent and form the basis of research and expansion of the breath of knowledge as pertains to composition

Light and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Dar

Light and Dark in tenderness of phantom Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a tragic tale of the white mans journey into the African jungle. When we peel away the layers, however, a different journey is revealed - we venture into the soul of man, complete with the shadow of depravity as well as the wonderful. In this essence Conrad uses this theme of light and darkness to contrast the civilized European world with the savage African world in Heart of Darkness. As aforementioned, within Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses light and dark to symbolize good and evil, respectively. It is whiteness that is truly sinister and evil, for it symbolizes the immoral confuse for loot by the unscrupulous and unfeeling Belgian traders in ivory and human flesh the whiteness of ivory is also contrasted with the blackness of the natives whose lives must be destroyed for its sake (Gillon 25). In other words there is a perversion of light and dark and what they represent. The characteristic of ivory is its colour of white, but instead then being associated with purity and all that it is good, it re... ... of Darkness. Middlesex, England Penguin Publishers, 1983. Gillon, Adam. (1982). Joseph Conrad. Twaynes English Author Series Number 333. Kinley E. Roby, ed. Boston Twayne. Joseph Conrad. The Encarta 1998 Encyclopedia Online. Microsoft, 1998. Kunitz, Stanley J. Joseph Conrad. Twentieth Century Authors Vol. T. New York H.W. Wilson Company, 1942. 307-9 Stape, J.H.. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Taylor, Derek. Conrads Heart of Darkness. The Explicator. No.4 Summer 1998 195-8.

Scotland at the time of Robert Burns :: essays research papers

burn down was born just before George III came to the throne in 1760. America declared her independence when Burns was 17 and the Paris mob sacked the Bastille to start the French Revolution in 1789, when the poet was 30. Revolutionary ideas were in the air during the life of Burns and he was touch on by this trend.Scotland and England had only finally joined through the Union of the Parliaments in1707 and there was still a resentment against the loss of independence which has continued to the present day. The age after the Union had not been quiet ones and rebellions had taken place in 1715 and 1745 ending in the disaster at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 which effectively destroy the Jacobites and the clan system is in the Highlands, But by the second half of the eighteenth century things had begun slowly to change for the better in Scotland. Agriculture, industry and spate began to expand in the first stages of the Industrial Revolution which was to transform Scotland over t he next hundred years.Around the time of Burns birth the average Scot lived in the country and worked the land. This average person would travel no more than 20 miles from their own birthplace in the course of their lifetime. When Burns wrote about the land describe experiences that were real for the vast majority of the Scottish People who still struggled to make a living from it.At the time, from around 1740 onwards, Edinburgh became famous throughout Europe as a centre for philosophy, medicine, science and publishing during what came to be known as the "Scottish Enlightenment". Burns may have been born into a chagrin family but he wasnt uneducated. He was well read in literature and politics, knew something of foreign languages and the classics and had a keen ear for music.

Essay on Hamlet and its Ophelia -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet and its Ophelia In Shakespeares Hamlet there is an innocent young lady who comes to an undeserved and indecorous end. She is Ophelia, the subject of this essay. Bryan N. S. Gooch in Review of The Shapes of Revenge Victimization, Vengeance, and Vindictiveness in Shakespeare, presents Ophelia as the powerless victim Harry Keyishian . . . clearly presents in Chapter I, Victimization and Revenge conversion Voices, a useful survey of the problem, drawing from books on the passions and moving on to consider not only the power of the revenger but the powerlessness of victims, e.g., the Duchess of Gloucester, Ophelia. . . . (1). Helena Faucit (Lady Martin) in On Some of Shakespeares Female Characters comments on the misunderstood character of Ophelia My views of Shakespeares women have been wont to take their shape in the living portraiture of the stage, and not in words. I have, in imagination, lived their lives from the very beginning to the end and Ophelia, as I have pict ured her to myself, is so unlike what I hear and read close her, and have seen represented on the stage, that I can scarcely hope to make any one think of her as I do. It hurts me to hear her verbalize of, as she often is, as a weak creature, wanting in truthfulness, in purpose, in force of character, and only interesting when she loses the little wits she had. And merely who can wonder that a character so delicately outlined, and shaded in with touches so fine, should be often gravely misunderstood? (186) Ophelia enters the play with her brother Laertes, who, in parting for school, bids her farewell and gives her advice regarding her relationship with Hamlet. Ophelia agrees to ab... ...-30. Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. Making Mother Matter Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of Reading Psychoanalysis Into Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000) 2.1-24 <URL http//purl.oclc.org/emls/06-1/lehmhaml.htm>. Pennington, Michael. Ophelia M adness Her Only safe and sound Haven. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of Hamlet A Users Guide. New York Limelight Editions, 1996. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint of Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. mamma Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.

Roger and Me1 Essay -- essays papers

Roger and Me1The Modes Moore EmploysRoger and Me is the story of Michael Moores quest to right the wrong done to Flint, Michigan by Roger Smith, chief ope bottoming officer of common Motors. GM factories closed down in Flint, resulting in unemployment for of thousands of workers. These laid off auto workers are products of generations of auto workers. GM has been a Flint manner of intent since the factories first opened. But, finding that operation and labor costs were substantially less in Mexico, Roger Smith filled for bankruptcy and closed the plants down. The consequences of this shut-down were devastating to Flint. The rat tribe exceeded that of humans, houses were abandoned, and families who couldnt afford the rent were evicted. The citizens who remained in Flint were now residents of the city with the highest crime rate in all of America. These are just a some of the issues which spurred Michael Moores pursuit for the illusive Roger Smith.Roger and Me, on a basic leve l falls into the Interactive category with its involved interviews and archival footage. On rascal thirty-three, Nichols comments on the use of archival footage in the Interactive Mode of Documentary. Writing that old news clips are often appended onto expert and witness interviews as to reduce reenactments and verbalize of god commentaries.Moore uses archival footage in several different ways. First, he uses it to show the way Flint t used to be. There are shots of a exhibition used while Moore talks about growin... Roger and Me1 Essay -- essays papersRoger and Me1The Modes Moore EmploysRoger and Me is the story of Michael Moores quest to right the wrong done to Flint, Michigan by Roger Smith, CEO of General Motors. GM factories closed down in Flint, resulting in unemployment for of thousands of workers. These laid off auto workers are products of generations of auto workers. GM has been a Flint way of life since the factories first opened. But, finding that op eration and labor costs were substantially less in Mexico, Roger Smith filled for bankruptcy and closed the plants down. The consequences of this shut-down were devastating to Flint. The rat population exceeded that of humans, houses were abandoned, and families who couldnt afford the rent were evicted. The citizens who remained in Flint were now residents of the city with the highest crime rate in all of America. These are just a few of the issues which spurred Michael Moores pursuit for the illusive Roger Smith.Roger and Me, on a basic level falls into the Interactive category with its involved interviews and archival footage. On page thirty-three, Nichols comments on the use of archival footage in the Interactive Mode of Documentary. Writing that old news clips are often appended onto expert and witness interviews as to avoid reenactments and voice of god commentaries.Moore uses archival footage in several different ways. First, he uses it to show the way Flint t used to be. T here are shots of a parade used while Moore talks about growin...